Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic

Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati; Joseph Oyaya Mundala; Leurby Ikina Bokele; Dada Mukwambanza Masasi; Crispin Mabika Mabika

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

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Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic

Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati^*, Joseph Oyaya Mundala, Leurby Ikina Bokele, Dada Mukwambanza Masasi, Crispin Mabika Mabika

Published in Social Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 6)

Received: 24 October 2023 Accepted: 11 November 2023 Published: 21 November 2023

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Abstract

On May 8, 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo officially declared the occurrence of the ninth episode of Ebola Virus Disease in the territory of Bikoro, Equateur province. This epidemic has caused enormous damage to the province's economy and also to the standard of living in households. The deterioration in the economic fabric has led to inflationary pressures, weakened the capacity to mobilize tax revenues and increased the potential risks to the viability of public finances at provincial level. Further more, it has seriously threatened food security and plunged many already vulnerable households into extreme poverty. Overall, the slowdown in economic activity in all sectors resulting from the combined effects of the fall in aggregate demand and the demobilization of factors of production will lead to: a fall in the overall supply of products, particularly agricultural products, with a consequent increase in food insecurity; a reduction in wage and non-wage household incomes and a worsening of poverty. Tax revenues have also fallen, worsening the public deficit and debt sustainability. The scarcity of basic products has fueled speculation on the market, leading to high price inflation and even the destabilization of the macroeconomic framework at provincial level. Material and monetary poverty, the sector of activity and high household size are the main determinants of poverty. The impact of the epidemic has affected agricultural production and, ultimately, household income. The reallocation of household expenditure is eloquent proof of vulnerability.

Published in	Social Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
Page(s)	260-268
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Epidemic, Ebola, Poverty, Vulnerability, Incidences, Households, Market

References

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APA Style

Kiniati, J. F., Mundala, J. O., Bokele, L. I., Masasi, D. M., Mabika, C. M. (2023). Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic. Social Sciences, 12(6), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

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ACS Style

Kiniati, J. F.; Mundala, J. O.; Bokele, L. I.; Masasi, D. M.; Mabika, C. M. Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(6), 260-268. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

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AMA Style

Kiniati JF, Mundala JO, Bokele LI, Masasi DM, Mabika CM. Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic. Soc Sci. 2023;12(6):260-268. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11,
  author = {Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati and Joseph Oyaya Mundala and Leurby Ikina Bokele and Dada Mukwambanza Masasi and Crispin Mabika Mabika},
  title = {Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {260-268},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20231206.11},
  abstract = {On May 8, 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo officially declared the occurrence of the ninth episode of Ebola Virus Disease in the territory of Bikoro, Equateur province. This epidemic has caused enormous damage to the province's economy and also to the standard of living in households. The deterioration in the economic fabric has led to inflationary pressures, weakened the capacity to mobilize tax revenues and increased the potential risks to the viability of public finances at provincial level. Further more, it has seriously threatened food security and plunged many already vulnerable households into extreme poverty. Overall, the slowdown in economic activity in all sectors resulting from the combined effects of the fall in aggregate demand and the demobilization of factors of production will lead to: a fall in the overall supply of products, particularly agricultural products, with a consequent increase in food insecurity; a reduction in wage and non-wage household incomes and a worsening of poverty. Tax revenues have also fallen, worsening the public deficit and debt sustainability. The scarcity of basic products has fueled speculation on the market, leading to high price inflation and even the destabilization of the macroeconomic framework at provincial level. Material and monetary poverty, the sector of activity and high household size are the main determinants of poverty. The impact of the epidemic has affected agricultural production and, ultimately, household income. The reallocation of household expenditure is eloquent proof of vulnerability.
},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic
AU  - Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati
AU  - Joseph Oyaya Mundala
AU  - Leurby Ikina Bokele
AU  - Dada Mukwambanza Masasi
AU  - Crispin Mabika Mabika
Y1  - 2023/11/21
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 260
EP  - 268
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
AB  - On May 8, 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo officially declared the occurrence of the ninth episode of Ebola Virus Disease in the territory of Bikoro, Equateur province. This epidemic has caused enormous damage to the province's economy and also to the standard of living in households. The deterioration in the economic fabric has led to inflationary pressures, weakened the capacity to mobilize tax revenues and increased the potential risks to the viability of public finances at provincial level. Further more, it has seriously threatened food security and plunged many already vulnerable households into extreme poverty. Overall, the slowdown in economic activity in all sectors resulting from the combined effects of the fall in aggregate demand and the demobilization of factors of production will lead to: a fall in the overall supply of products, particularly agricultural products, with a consequent increase in food insecurity; a reduction in wage and non-wage household incomes and a worsening of poverty. Tax revenues have also fallen, worsening the public deficit and debt sustainability. The scarcity of basic products has fueled speculation on the market, leading to high price inflation and even the destabilization of the macroeconomic framework at provincial level. Material and monetary poverty, the sector of activity and high household size are the main determinants of poverty. The impact of the epidemic has affected agricultural production and, ultimately, household income. The reallocation of household expenditure is eloquent proof of vulnerability.

VL  - 12
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati

Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; Kimpese Health Research Center, Kimpese, Democratic Republic of Congo

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Joseph Oyaya Mundala

Management of Healthcare Organizations, Higher Institute of Medical Techniques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Leurby Ikina Bokele

Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Dada Mukwambanza Masasi

Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Crispin Mabika Mabika

School of Population and Development Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

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APA Style

Kiniati, J. F., Mundala, J. O., Bokele, L. I., Masasi, D. M., Mabika, C. M. (2023). Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic. Social Sciences, 12(6), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

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ACS Style

Kiniati, J. F.; Mundala, J. O.; Bokele, L. I.; Masasi, D. M.; Mabika, C. M. Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(6), 260-268. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

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AMA Style

Kiniati JF, Mundala JO, Bokele LI, Masasi DM, Mabika CM. Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic. Soc Sci. 2023;12(6):260-268. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11,
  author = {Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati and Joseph Oyaya Mundala and Leurby Ikina Bokele and Dada Mukwambanza Masasi and Crispin Mabika Mabika},
  title = {Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {260-268},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20231206.11},
  abstract = {On May 8, 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo officially declared the occurrence of the ninth episode of Ebola Virus Disease in the territory of Bikoro, Equateur province. This epidemic has caused enormous damage to the province's economy and also to the standard of living in households. The deterioration in the economic fabric has led to inflationary pressures, weakened the capacity to mobilize tax revenues and increased the potential risks to the viability of public finances at provincial level. Further more, it has seriously threatened food security and plunged many already vulnerable households into extreme poverty. Overall, the slowdown in economic activity in all sectors resulting from the combined effects of the fall in aggregate demand and the demobilization of factors of production will lead to: a fall in the overall supply of products, particularly agricultural products, with a consequent increase in food insecurity; a reduction in wage and non-wage household incomes and a worsening of poverty. Tax revenues have also fallen, worsening the public deficit and debt sustainability. The scarcity of basic products has fueled speculation on the market, leading to high price inflation and even the destabilization of the macroeconomic framework at provincial level. Material and monetary poverty, the sector of activity and high household size are the main determinants of poverty. The impact of the epidemic has affected agricultural production and, ultimately, household income. The reallocation of household expenditure is eloquent proof of vulnerability.
},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Household Vulnerability and Poverty in the Bikoro Territory in Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Macro and Microeconomic Shocks of the 2018 Ebola Epidemic
AU  - Joël Fumwakwau Kiniati
AU  - Joseph Oyaya Mundala
AU  - Leurby Ikina Bokele
AU  - Dada Mukwambanza Masasi
AU  - Crispin Mabika Mabika
Y1  - 2023/11/21
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 260
EP  - 268
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20231206.11
AB  - On May 8, 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo officially declared the occurrence of the ninth episode of Ebola Virus Disease in the territory of Bikoro, Equateur province. This epidemic has caused enormous damage to the province's economy and also to the standard of living in households. The deterioration in the economic fabric has led to inflationary pressures, weakened the capacity to mobilize tax revenues and increased the potential risks to the viability of public finances at provincial level. Further more, it has seriously threatened food security and plunged many already vulnerable households into extreme poverty. Overall, the slowdown in economic activity in all sectors resulting from the combined effects of the fall in aggregate demand and the demobilization of factors of production will lead to: a fall in the overall supply of products, particularly agricultural products, with a consequent increase in food insecurity; a reduction in wage and non-wage household incomes and a worsening of poverty. Tax revenues have also fallen, worsening the public deficit and debt sustainability. The scarcity of basic products has fueled speculation on the market, leading to high price inflation and even the destabilization of the macroeconomic framework at provincial level. Material and monetary poverty, the sector of activity and high household size are the main determinants of poverty. The impact of the epidemic has affected agricultural production and, ultimately, household income. The reallocation of household expenditure is eloquent proof of vulnerability.

VL  - 12
IS  - 6
ER  -

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