Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria

Terver Sombo; Terkimbi Jude Shivil; Tertsea Igbawua

doi:doi:10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria

Terver Sombo, Terkimbi Jude Shivil, Tertsea Igbawua

Published in Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 6 April 2021 Accepted: 3 May 2021 Published: 26 May 2021

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Abstract

This work measured and modeled Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation exposure of outdoor workers (Traders, Drivers/Commuters and Construction workers) within Makurdi Metropolis. Digital broad band meter was used to measure Irradiance across the three occupations under consideration. Polymer Polysolphone dosimeters were used to quantify the amount of solar UVR absorbed by workers of these occupations, UV/VIS-Spectrophotometer was used to measure both post and pre-absorbance while GPS was used to measure the coordinate of the Sampling sites. The Polymer Polysulphone dosimeters were fitted on vital solar radiation access areas on a plastic human shape and placed in the sun from 9:30am- 4:00pm (6 hours 30 minutes). The result shows that head top had the highest values of 8.73 kJ/m², 6.67 kJ/m² and 7.40 kJ/m² for drivers/commuters, construction workers and traders respectively while the dosimeters worn under clothe cover had the least values of 2.06kJ/m², 2.56kJ/m², 3.07 kJ/m² at the market square, car park and construction site respectively. Similarly, UV Irradiances at various intervals were measured and the cumulative exposures calculated to be 610.98kJ/m², 1923.84kJ/m² and 3526.92 kJ/m² respectively. The work sets a reliable baseline data for solar UV radiation monitoring in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria.

Published in	Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
Page(s)	32-40
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, Occupational Exposure, Irradiance, Absorbance, Cumulative Exposure

References

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[2]	Alberto M., Leena K. and Fabriziomaria G. (2018). Solar Radiation Exposure and Outdoor Work: An Underestimated Occupational Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018, 15, 2063.
[3]	Glanz, K., Buller, D. B., Saraiya, M. (2007) Reducing Ultraviolet exposure among outdoor workers: state of the evidence and recommendations, Environmental Health, 6: 22.
[4]	Igbawua T., Ikyo B., Agba E. (2013). Average Solar UV Radiation Dosimetry in Central Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. 1: 323-327. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130106.18.
[5]	Park, S. S., Lee, Y. G., Kim, M., Kim, J., Koo, J., Kim, C. K., Um, J., Yoon, J. (2019) Simulation of Threshold in UV exposure Time for vitamin D synthesis in South Korea, Advances in Meteorology, pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4328151.
[6]	Engelsen, O. (2010) The relationship between Ultraviolet radiation exposure and vitamin D status, nutrients 2 (5): 482-495, https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu2050482.
[7]	Grant, B. W. (2007) Roles of solar UV radiation and vitamin D in human health and how to obtain vitamin D, Expert Rev. Dermatol, 2: 563-577, doi: 10.1586/17469872.2.5.563.
[8]	Diffey B. L. (1991). Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems. Phys Med Biol.; 36 (3): 2 99–328.
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[12]	Parisi, A. and Turnbull, D. J. (2006) Solar UV dosimetry. In: UV Radiation and its Effects: an Update 2006, 19-21 Apr 2006, Dunedin, New Zealand.
[13]	Parisi A. V., Turnbull D. J., Schouten P., Downs N., Turner J. (2010) Techniques for Solar Dosimetry in Different Environments. In: Gao W., Slusser J. R., Schmoldt D. L. (eds) UV Radiation in Global Climate Change. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03313-1_7.
[14]	International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (2007). Protecting Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation (ISBN 978-3-934994-07-2) retrieved from https://www.who.int/uv/publications/Protecting_Workers_UV_pub.pdf on 22^nd April, 2021.
[15]	Sabburg J, Alfio V. Parisi, Wong J., (2001) Effect of Cloud on UVA and Exposure to Humans. Photochemistry and Photobiology 74 (3): 412-6.
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APA Style

Terver Sombo, Terkimbi Jude Shivil, Tertsea Igbawua. (2021). Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 7(2), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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ACS Style

Terver Sombo; Terkimbi Jude Shivil; Tertsea Igbawua. Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2021, 7(2), 32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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AMA Style

Terver Sombo, Terkimbi Jude Shivil, Tertsea Igbawua. Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2021;7(2):32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13,
  author = {Terver Sombo and Terkimbi Jude Shivil and Tertsea Igbawua},
  title = {Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-40},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20210702.13},
  abstract = {This work measured and modeled Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation exposure of outdoor workers (Traders, Drivers/Commuters and Construction workers) within Makurdi Metropolis. Digital broad band meter was used to measure Irradiance across the three occupations under consideration. Polymer Polysolphone dosimeters were used to quantify the amount of solar UVR absorbed by workers of these occupations, UV/VIS-Spectrophotometer was used to measure both post and pre-absorbance while GPS was used to measure the coordinate of the Sampling sites. The Polymer Polysulphone dosimeters were fitted on vital solar radiation access areas on a plastic human shape and placed in the sun from 9:30am- 4:00pm (6 hours 30 minutes). The result shows that head top had the highest values of 8.73 kJ/m2, 6.67 kJ/m2 and 7.40 kJ/m2 for drivers/commuters, construction workers and traders respectively while the dosimeters worn under clothe cover had the least values of 2.06kJ/m2, 2.56kJ/m2, 3.07 kJ/m2 at the market square, car park and construction site respectively. Similarly, UV Irradiances at various intervals were measured and the cumulative exposures calculated to be 610.98kJ/m2, 1923.84kJ/m2 and 3526.92 kJ/m2 respectively. The work sets a reliable baseline data for solar UV radiation monitoring in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria
AU  - Terver Sombo
AU  - Terkimbi Jude Shivil
AU  - Tertsea Igbawua
Y1  - 2021/05/26
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 32
EP  - 40
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
AB  - This work measured and modeled Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation exposure of outdoor workers (Traders, Drivers/Commuters and Construction workers) within Makurdi Metropolis. Digital broad band meter was used to measure Irradiance across the three occupations under consideration. Polymer Polysolphone dosimeters were used to quantify the amount of solar UVR absorbed by workers of these occupations, UV/VIS-Spectrophotometer was used to measure both post and pre-absorbance while GPS was used to measure the coordinate of the Sampling sites. The Polymer Polysulphone dosimeters were fitted on vital solar radiation access areas on a plastic human shape and placed in the sun from 9:30am- 4:00pm (6 hours 30 minutes). The result shows that head top had the highest values of 8.73 kJ/m2, 6.67 kJ/m2 and 7.40 kJ/m2 for drivers/commuters, construction workers and traders respectively while the dosimeters worn under clothe cover had the least values of 2.06kJ/m2, 2.56kJ/m2, 3.07 kJ/m2 at the market square, car park and construction site respectively. Similarly, UV Irradiances at various intervals were measured and the cumulative exposures calculated to be 610.98kJ/m2, 1923.84kJ/m2 and 3526.92 kJ/m2 respectively. The work sets a reliable baseline data for solar UV radiation monitoring in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria.
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Terver Sombo

Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Terkimbi Jude Shivil

Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Tertsea Igbawua

Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

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APA Style

Terver Sombo, Terkimbi Jude Shivil, Tertsea Igbawua. (2021). Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 7(2), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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ACS Style

Terver Sombo; Terkimbi Jude Shivil; Tertsea Igbawua. Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2021, 7(2), 32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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AMA Style

Terver Sombo, Terkimbi Jude Shivil, Tertsea Igbawua. Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2021;7(2):32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13,
  author = {Terver Sombo and Terkimbi Jude Shivil and Tertsea Igbawua},
  title = {Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-40},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20210702.13},
  abstract = {This work measured and modeled Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation exposure of outdoor workers (Traders, Drivers/Commuters and Construction workers) within Makurdi Metropolis. Digital broad band meter was used to measure Irradiance across the three occupations under consideration. Polymer Polysolphone dosimeters were used to quantify the amount of solar UVR absorbed by workers of these occupations, UV/VIS-Spectrophotometer was used to measure both post and pre-absorbance while GPS was used to measure the coordinate of the Sampling sites. The Polymer Polysulphone dosimeters were fitted on vital solar radiation access areas on a plastic human shape and placed in the sun from 9:30am- 4:00pm (6 hours 30 minutes). The result shows that head top had the highest values of 8.73 kJ/m2, 6.67 kJ/m2 and 7.40 kJ/m2 for drivers/commuters, construction workers and traders respectively while the dosimeters worn under clothe cover had the least values of 2.06kJ/m2, 2.56kJ/m2, 3.07 kJ/m2 at the market square, car park and construction site respectively. Similarly, UV Irradiances at various intervals were measured and the cumulative exposures calculated to be 610.98kJ/m2, 1923.84kJ/m2 and 3526.92 kJ/m2 respectively. The work sets a reliable baseline data for solar UV radiation monitoring in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Central Nigeria
AU  - Terver Sombo
AU  - Terkimbi Jude Shivil
AU  - Tertsea Igbawua
Y1  - 2021/05/26
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 32
EP  - 40
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20210702.13
AB  - This work measured and modeled Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation exposure of outdoor workers (Traders, Drivers/Commuters and Construction workers) within Makurdi Metropolis. Digital broad band meter was used to measure Irradiance across the three occupations under consideration. Polymer Polysolphone dosimeters were used to quantify the amount of solar UVR absorbed by workers of these occupations, UV/VIS-Spectrophotometer was used to measure both post and pre-absorbance while GPS was used to measure the coordinate of the Sampling sites. The Polymer Polysulphone dosimeters were fitted on vital solar radiation access areas on a plastic human shape and placed in the sun from 9:30am- 4:00pm (6 hours 30 minutes). The result shows that head top had the highest values of 8.73 kJ/m2, 6.67 kJ/m2 and 7.40 kJ/m2 for drivers/commuters, construction workers and traders respectively while the dosimeters worn under clothe cover had the least values of 2.06kJ/m2, 2.56kJ/m2, 3.07 kJ/m2 at the market square, car park and construction site respectively. Similarly, UV Irradiances at various intervals were measured and the cumulative exposures calculated to be 610.98kJ/m2, 1923.84kJ/m2 and 3526.92 kJ/m2 respectively. The work sets a reliable baseline data for solar UV radiation monitoring in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria.
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

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