The use of alkali activated geopolymer binders in the recent years has received much attention because of their outstanding mechanical properties, reduction of CO2 emissions and low energy for production. While number of researches are being done to develop geopolymer binders, their application is still limited. Efflorescence phenomena is one of the limitations of the extensive use of geopolymers. The efflorescence not only affect the materials aesthetics, but it also affects its mechanical performance. The present study outlines the general features of efflorescence, including its formation mechanism, chemical and mineralogical composition. Natural pozzolan from Songwe – Mbeya, Tanzania, calcium hydroxide, sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used as raw materials for geopolymerization process. It has been observed that efflorescence is formed on alkali activated paste specimens which were partially soaked in water. The formation of efflorescence products is formed due to unbalanced concentration of alkaline solution within the specimen. The produced efflorescence powders were tested for chemical and mineralogical compositions. The chemical composition test results indicated the significant percent increase of Na2O for efflorescence powder. This may be due to migration of Na+ from the interior of specimen to the surface during efflorescence formation. The efflorescence powder which was tested for mineralogical composition, indicated the present of some amount of calcite, mica, sodium carbonate hydrate and quartz. One of the control process of efflorescence formation on alkali activated geopolymer specimens is by maintaining equilibrium of alkali concentration within the specimens during curing process.
| Published in | American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (Volume 9, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11 |
| Page(s) | 14-20 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Efflorescence, Geopolymer Binder, Sodium Silicate, Alkali Metals, Oxide Compounds, Chemical Composition, Natural Pozzolan, Alkali Activated Materials
| [1] | D. Sabitha, J. K. Dattatreya, N. Sakthivel, M. Bhuvaneshwari and S. A. Jaffer Sathik (2012). Reactivity, workability and strength of potassium versus sodium-activated high volume fly ash-based geopolymers Author(s): Current Science, Vol. 103, No., pp. 1320-1327. |
| [2] | Malisa, A. S., & Chengula, D. H. (2022). Study on the Influence of Alkali Activator Solutions on Strength Improvement of Pozzolan Calcium Hydroxide Binders. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10, 313-330. |
| [3] | L. Biondi, L, Perry, M, Vlachakis, Wu C. Z, Hamilton, A and Mc Alorum, J (2019) Ambient Cured Fly Ash Geopolymer Coatings for Concrete. Materials, 12, 923; doi: 10.3390/ma12060923. |
| [4] | L. Simao, L, Fernandes, E, Hotza, D, Ribeiro, M. J, Montedo, O. R. K. Raupp-Pereira F (2021). Controlling efflorescence in geopolymers: A new approach. Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
| [5] | Najafi, K. E, Allahverd, A, Provis, J. L. (2011) Efflorescence Control in Geopolymer Binder Based natural pozzolan. |
| [6] | Norsuzailina Mohamed Sutan1 and Sinin Hamdan (2013). Efflorescence Phenomenon on Concrete Structures. Advanced Materials Research Vol. 626 pp 747-750. |
| [7] | Nur Ain Mohd Sania, Zakaria Mana, Rashid M. Shamsuddina, Khairun Azizi Azizlia, Ku Zilati Ku Shaari (2016). Determination of Excess Sodium Hydroxide in Geopolymer by Volumetric Analysis. 4th International Conference on Process Engineering and Advanced Materials. 148, 298-301. |
| [8] | Kaikang Liang 1, Kai Cui 1, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri and Jiandong Huang (2022). Influence Factors in the Wide Application of Alkali-Activated Materials: A Critical Review about Efflorescence. MDPI. |
| [9] | Jadambaa Temuujin1, Claus Ruescher, Amgalan Minjigmaa1 Burenkhangai Darkhijav, Batmunkh, Davaabal1 and Bat-Erdene Battsetseg (2016). Characterization of Effloresces of Ambient and Elevated Temperature Cured Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Type Concretes. Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 1139, pp 25-29. |
| [10] | M. L. Smith, A. K. Bertram, and S. T. Martin (2012). Deliquescence, efflorescence, and phase miscibility of mixed particles of ammonium sulfate and isoprene-derived secondary organic material. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9613–9628, 2012. |
| [11] | Cansu KURTULUŞ1, M. Serhat BAŞPINAR (2020). Development of Efflorescence Control Methods of Fly Ash Based Foam Geopolymer. AKU J. Sci. Eng. 20 (2020) 015705 (129-137). |
| [12] | Longhi MA, Zhang Z, Rodríguez ED, Kirchheim AP and Wang H (2019) Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis. Front. Mater. 6:89. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2019.00089. |
| [13] | S. M. Alamgir Kabir, U. Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Afia Sharmin, and Azizul Islam (2015). Influence of Molarity and Chemical Composition on the Development of Compressive Strength in POFA Based Geopolymer Mortar. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2015, Article ID 647071, 15 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/647071 |
| [14] | Kirubajiny Pasupathy (2018) Field and Laboratory Investigation of the Durability Performance of Geopolymer Concrete. PhD Dissertation, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Australia. |
| [15] | Xue-sen Lv, Yao Qin, Zhao-xu Lin, Zhen-kun Tian, and Xue-min Cui (2020). Inhibition of Efflorescence in Na-Based Geopolymer Inorganic Coating. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 14822−1483. |
| [16] | František Škvára, Lubomír Kopecký*, Lenka Myšková, Vít Šmilauer*, Lucie Alberovská, Lenka Vinšová. Aluminosilicate Polymers - Influence of Elevated Temperatures, Efflorescence. Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Department of Glass and Ceramics, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic. |
| [17] | Tetiana Kropyvnytska1, Roksolana Semeniv1, and Hanna Ivashchyshyn1. Increase of brick masonry durability for external walls of buildings and structures. MATEC Web of Conferences 116, 01007 (2017). |
| [18] | Kinga Korniejenko, Dariusz Mierzwiński, Roland Szabó, Nóra Papné Halyag, Petr Louda, Eythor Rafn Thorhallsson, and Gábor Mucsi. The impact of the curing process on the efflorescence and mechanical properties of basalt fibre reinforced fly ash based geopolymer composites. MATEC Web of Conferences 322 (2020). |
| [19] | Adel Mesbah, Michel Francois, Celine Cau-dit-coumes, Fabien Frizon, Yaroslav Filinchuk, Fabrice Leroux, Johann Ravaux and Guillaume Renaudin (2011). Crystal structure of Kuzel’s salt 3CaO.Al2O3.1/2CaSO4.1/2CaCl2.11H2O determined by synchrotron powder diffraction. Cement and concrete research 41 (504–509). |
| [20] | Duwa Hamisi Chengula. “Improving Cementitious Properties of Blended Pozzolan Based Materials for Construction of Low Cost Buildings in Mbeya Region, Tanzania”. PhD thesis submitted to Kassel University. Issue 29 of Schriftenreihe Baustoffe und Massivbau, published by Kassel University Press GmbH, Feb 28 2018. ISBN 20183737604436, 9783737604437. |
| [21] | Játiva, A.; Ruales, E.; Etxeberria, M. Volcanic Ash as a Sustainable Binder Material: An Extensive Review. Materials 2021, 14, 1302. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ma14051302 |
| [22] | F. Pacheco – Torgal, J. A. Labrincha, C. Leonelli, A. Palomo and P. Chindaprasirt (2015), Handbook of Alkali activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering: Number 54. |
| [23] | Patuwan, S. Z.; Arshad, S. E. Important Synthesis Parameters Affecting Crystallization of Zeolite T: A Review. Materials 2021, 14, 2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma14112890 |
APA Style
Asson Sifueli Malisa, Duwa Hamisi Chengula. (2023). Efflorescence Formation Mechanism and Control for Geopolymer Paste Specimens Made from Natural Pozzolan and Calcium Hydroxide Binders. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 9(2), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11
ACS Style
Asson Sifueli Malisa; Duwa Hamisi Chengula. Efflorescence Formation Mechanism and Control for Geopolymer Paste Specimens Made from Natural Pozzolan and Calcium Hydroxide Binders. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2023, 9(2), 14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11
AMA Style
Asson Sifueli Malisa, Duwa Hamisi Chengula. Efflorescence Formation Mechanism and Control for Geopolymer Paste Specimens Made from Natural Pozzolan and Calcium Hydroxide Binders. Am J Polym Sci Technol. 2023;9(2):14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11,
author = {Asson Sifueli Malisa and Duwa Hamisi Chengula},
title = {Efflorescence Formation Mechanism and Control for Geopolymer Paste Specimens Made from Natural Pozzolan and Calcium Hydroxide Binders},
journal = {American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {14-20},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpst.20230902.11},
abstract = {The use of alkali activated geopolymer binders in the recent years has received much attention because of their outstanding mechanical properties, reduction of CO2 emissions and low energy for production. While number of researches are being done to develop geopolymer binders, their application is still limited. Efflorescence phenomena is one of the limitations of the extensive use of geopolymers. The efflorescence not only affect the materials aesthetics, but it also affects its mechanical performance. The present study outlines the general features of efflorescence, including its formation mechanism, chemical and mineralogical composition. Natural pozzolan from Songwe – Mbeya, Tanzania, calcium hydroxide, sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used as raw materials for geopolymerization process. It has been observed that efflorescence is formed on alkali activated paste specimens which were partially soaked in water. The formation of efflorescence products is formed due to unbalanced concentration of alkaline solution within the specimen. The produced efflorescence powders were tested for chemical and mineralogical compositions. The chemical composition test results indicated the significant percent increase of Na2O for efflorescence powder. This may be due to migration of Na+ from the interior of specimen to the surface during efflorescence formation. The efflorescence powder which was tested for mineralogical composition, indicated the present of some amount of calcite, mica, sodium carbonate hydrate and quartz. One of the control process of efflorescence formation on alkali activated geopolymer specimens is by maintaining equilibrium of alkali concentration within the specimens during curing process.},
year = {2023}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Efflorescence Formation Mechanism and Control for Geopolymer Paste Specimens Made from Natural Pozzolan and Calcium Hydroxide Binders AU - Asson Sifueli Malisa AU - Duwa Hamisi Chengula Y1 - 2023/06/21 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11 T2 - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology JF - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology JO - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology SP - 14 EP - 20 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5986 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20230902.11 AB - The use of alkali activated geopolymer binders in the recent years has received much attention because of their outstanding mechanical properties, reduction of CO2 emissions and low energy for production. While number of researches are being done to develop geopolymer binders, their application is still limited. Efflorescence phenomena is one of the limitations of the extensive use of geopolymers. The efflorescence not only affect the materials aesthetics, but it also affects its mechanical performance. The present study outlines the general features of efflorescence, including its formation mechanism, chemical and mineralogical composition. Natural pozzolan from Songwe – Mbeya, Tanzania, calcium hydroxide, sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used as raw materials for geopolymerization process. It has been observed that efflorescence is formed on alkali activated paste specimens which were partially soaked in water. The formation of efflorescence products is formed due to unbalanced concentration of alkaline solution within the specimen. The produced efflorescence powders were tested for chemical and mineralogical compositions. The chemical composition test results indicated the significant percent increase of Na2O for efflorescence powder. This may be due to migration of Na+ from the interior of specimen to the surface during efflorescence formation. The efflorescence powder which was tested for mineralogical composition, indicated the present of some amount of calcite, mica, sodium carbonate hydrate and quartz. One of the control process of efflorescence formation on alkali activated geopolymer specimens is by maintaining equilibrium of alkali concentration within the specimens during curing process. VL - 9 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: