Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon

Ali Fawaz; Sarah Abdullah; Elias Farah; Fadi Hagechehade

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon

Ali Fawaz, Sarah Abdullah, Elias Farah, Fadi Hagechehade

Published in American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 6)

Received: 18 August 2017 Accepted: 19 September 2017 Published: 12 October 2017

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This paper aims to study and analyze the instability of slopes, their causes and possible remedies. The studied slope is located in Lebanon, and it is regularly subjected to slope instability in the rainfall season. Based on different boreholes results for the same site, two models were modeled using Plaxis and Talren, they were both studied under the effect of water, excavation and seismic load. The results show that the water is a principle cause of slope instability, by decreasing the shear parameters of soil or by the inducing pore pressure due to running water between layers. Many remedies were applied, and their results were analyzed and studied. Soil reinforcements, nails and piles, were applied and as water content increased, the number of reinforcement needed was high. Vegetation and drainage are more efficient when it comes to water problems. Both vegetation and drainage were modeled and the number of needed reinforcement decreased significantly assuring their advantages alongside with the reduction of the remedy price and being environmental friendly.

Published in	American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
Page(s)	320-330
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Soil, Slope Stability, Safety Factor, Failure Surface, Piles, Nails, Vegetation

References

[1]	M. R. Taha, M. Khajehzadeh and A. El-Shafie, “Slope Stability Assessment Using Optimization Techniques: An Overview”, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 1901-1915, 2010.
[2]	W. Fellenius, “Erdstatische Berechnungen Mit Reibung Und Kohaesion”, Berlin, Ernst, 1927.
[3]	N. Janbu, “Stability analysis of slopes with dimensionless parameters”, Harvard Soil Mechanics Series, 46, 811, 1954.
[4]	A. W. Bishop, “The Use of the Slip Circle in the Stability Analysis of Slopes”, Géotechnique, vol. 5, issue 1, pp. 7-17, 1955.
[5]	N. R. Morgenstern and V. E. Price, “The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces”, Géotechnique, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 79-93, 1965.
[6]	E. Spencer, “A method for analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel interslice forces”, Géotechnique, vol. 17, issue 1, pp. 11-26, 1967.
[7]	A. Kourdey, M. Aiheib and J. P. Piguet, “Evaluation of Slope Stability by Numerical Methods”, Proceedings of the 17^th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, pp. 705-710, 2001.
[8]	N. Farshidfar and A. Nayeri, “Slope Stability Analysis by Shear Strength Reduction Method”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, vol. 5, issue 1, pp. 35-37, 2015.
[9]	M. Cala, J. Flisiak and A. Tajdus, “Slope Stability Analysis with Modified Shear Strength Reduction Technique”, Landslides: Evaluation and Stabilization, pp. 1085-1089, 2004.
[10]	K. Baba, L. Bahi, L. Ouadif and A. Akhssas, “Slope Stability Evaluations by Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods Applied to a Railway in the Moroccan Rif”, Open Journal of Civil Engineering, pp. 27-32, 2012.
[11]	G. A. Fenton, and E. H. Vanmarcke, “Simulation of random fields via local average subdivision”. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 116, issue 8, pp. 1733-1749, 1990.
[12]	D. V. Griffiths and G. A. Fenton, “Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis by Finite Elements”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, issue 5, pp. 507-518, 2004.
[13]	Y. S. Song, W. P. Hong and K. S. Woo, “Behavior and Analysis of Stabilizing Piles Installed in a Cut Slope during Rainfall”, Engineering Geology, vol. 129, pp. 56-67, 2012.
[14]	W. B. Wei and Y. M. Cheng, “Strength Reduction Analysis for Slope Reinforced with one Row of Piles”, Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 36, pp. 1176-1185, 2009.
[15]	R. Kourkoulis, F. Gelagoti, I. Anastasopoulos and G. Gazetas, “Slope Stabilizing Piles and Pile-Groups: Parametric Study and Design Insights”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 137, issue 7, pp. 663-677, 2011.
[16]	S. He, C. Ouyang and Y. Luo, “Seismic Stability Analysis of Soil Nail Reinforced Slope using Kinematic Approach of Limit Analysis”, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 66, issue 1, pp. 319-326, 2012.
[17]	C. Fan and J. Luo, “Numerical Study on the Optimum Layout of Soil-Nailed Slope”, Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 35, pp. 585-599, 2008.
[18]	G. Carter, “La stabilisation des Pentes Instables par Clouage. Bulletin liaison des Ponts et Chaussées”, vol. 141, 1986, pp. 45-56, 1986.
[19]	P. Valli, “Numerical Study to Stabilize Landslides by Trench Drains”, Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 27, pp. 63-77, 2000.
[20]	F. Cai, K. Ugai, A. Wakai and Q. Li, “Effects of Horizontal Drains on Slope Stability Under Rainfall by Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis”, Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 23, pp. 255-275, 1998.
[21]	D. H. Barker. “Continuing and Future Developments in Vegetative Slope Engineering or Ecoengineering”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Vegetation and Slopes, Oxford, pp. 29-30, 1994.
[22]	J. R. Greenwood, J. E. Norris, and J. Wint, “Assessing the contribution of vegetation to slope stability, Proceedings of the ICE-Geotechnical Engineering”, vol. 157, issue 4, pp. 199-207, 2004.
[23]	A. Stokes, C. Atger, A. G. Bengough, T. Fourcaud, R. C. Sidle, “Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides”, Plant Soil, vol. 324, issue 1-2, pp. 1-30, 2009.
[24]	N. Ali, I. Farshchi, M. A. Mu'azu, and S. W. Rees, “Soil-Root Interaction and Effects on Slope Stability Analysis”, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol 17, pp. 319-328, 2012.
[25]	S. Hemmati, and A. Modaressi, “Étude de la stabilité des pentes non saturées sous les effets de l’infiltration prenant en compte la végétation”, Proceedings of the 18^th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, pp. 1117-1121, 2013.
[26]	M. Charlafti, “Slope stability and vegetation”, J Archit Eng Tech, vol. 3, issue 4, 2014.
[27]	L. C. Wang, W. Long, S. J. Gao, “Effect of moisture content, void ratio and compacted sand content on the shear strength of remolded unsaturated clay”, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 19, pp. 4413-4426, 2014.
[28]	K. Blahova, L. Ševelova and P. Pilařova, “Influence of Water Content on The Shear Strength Parameters of Clayey Soil in Relation to Stability Analysis of a Hillside in BRNO Region”, Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun., vol. 61, pp. 1583-1588, 2013.
[29]	M. A. Dafalla, “Effects of Clay and Moisture Content on Direct Shear Tests for Clay-Sand Mixtures”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013.
[30]	N. A. Al-Shayea, “The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils”, Engineering Geology vol. 62, pp. 319-342, 2001.
[31]	K. Wang, C. F. Lee, “Brief Mechanical Analysis of Bioengineering Techniques for Slope Protection”, Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 17, issue 6, pp. 687-691, 1998.
[32]	O. Normaniza and S. S. Barakbah. “Parameter to Predict Slope-Soil Water and Root Profiles”, Ecological Engineering, vol. 28, Issue 1, pp. 90-95, 2006.
[33]	K. G. McNaughton, and P. G. Jarvis, “Predicting Effects of Vegetation Changes on Transpiration and Evaporation”, Water Deficits and Plant Growth, vol. 7, pp. 1-47, 1983.
[34]	Y. H. Chok, W. S. Kaggwa, M. B. Jaksa, and D. V. Griffiths, “Modelling the effects of vegetation on stability of slopes”, Proceedings of the 9^th Australia New Zealand conference on geomechanics, Auckland, pp. 391–397, 2004.
[35]	T. H. Wu, W. P. Mc Kinnell III, and D. N. Swanston, “Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 114, issue 12, pp. 19-33, 1979.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ali Fawaz, Sarah Abdullah, Elias Farah, Fadi Hagechehade. (2017). Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(6), 320-330. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ali Fawaz; Sarah Abdullah; Elias Farah; Fadi Hagechehade. Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2017, 5(6), 320-330. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ali Fawaz, Sarah Abdullah, Elias Farah, Fadi Hagechehade. Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon. Am J Civ Eng. 2017;5(6):320-330. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12,
  author = {Ali Fawaz and Sarah Abdullah and Elias Farah and Fadi Hagechehade},
  title = {Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {320-330},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20170506.12},
  abstract = {This paper aims to study and analyze the instability of slopes, their causes and possible remedies. The studied slope is located in Lebanon, and it is regularly subjected to slope instability in the rainfall season. Based on different boreholes results for the same site, two models were modeled using Plaxis and Talren, they were both studied under the effect of water, excavation and seismic load. The results show that the water is a principle cause of slope instability, by decreasing the shear parameters of soil or by the inducing pore pressure due to running water between layers. Many remedies were applied, and their results were analyzed and studied. Soil reinforcements, nails and piles, were applied and as water content increased, the number of reinforcement needed was high. Vegetation and drainage are more efficient when it comes to water problems. Both vegetation and drainage were modeled and the number of needed reinforcement decreased significantly assuring their advantages alongside with the reduction of the remedy price and being environmental friendly.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon
AU  - Ali Fawaz
AU  - Sarah Abdullah
AU  - Elias Farah
AU  - Fadi Hagechehade
Y1  - 2017/10/12
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 320
EP  - 330
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
AB  - This paper aims to study and analyze the instability of slopes, their causes and possible remedies. The studied slope is located in Lebanon, and it is regularly subjected to slope instability in the rainfall season. Based on different boreholes results for the same site, two models were modeled using Plaxis and Talren, they were both studied under the effect of water, excavation and seismic load. The results show that the water is a principle cause of slope instability, by decreasing the shear parameters of soil or by the inducing pore pressure due to running water between layers. Many remedies were applied, and their results were analyzed and studied. Soil reinforcements, nails and piles, were applied and as water content increased, the number of reinforcement needed was high. Vegetation and drainage are more efficient when it comes to water problems. Both vegetation and drainage were modeled and the number of needed reinforcement decreased significantly assuring their advantages alongside with the reduction of the remedy price and being environmental friendly.
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ali Fawaz

University Institute of Technology, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon
Sarah Abdullah

Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
Elias Farah

Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
Fadi Hagechehade

University Institute of Technology, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ali Fawaz, Sarah Abdullah, Elias Farah, Fadi Hagechehade. (2017). Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(6), 320-330. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ali Fawaz; Sarah Abdullah; Elias Farah; Fadi Hagechehade. Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2017, 5(6), 320-330. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ali Fawaz, Sarah Abdullah, Elias Farah, Fadi Hagechehade. Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon. Am J Civ Eng. 2017;5(6):320-330. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12,
  author = {Ali Fawaz and Sarah Abdullah and Elias Farah and Fadi Hagechehade},
  title = {Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {320-330},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20170506.12},
  abstract = {This paper aims to study and analyze the instability of slopes, their causes and possible remedies. The studied slope is located in Lebanon, and it is regularly subjected to slope instability in the rainfall season. Based on different boreholes results for the same site, two models were modeled using Plaxis and Talren, they were both studied under the effect of water, excavation and seismic load. The results show that the water is a principle cause of slope instability, by decreasing the shear parameters of soil or by the inducing pore pressure due to running water between layers. Many remedies were applied, and their results were analyzed and studied. Soil reinforcements, nails and piles, were applied and as water content increased, the number of reinforcement needed was high. Vegetation and drainage are more efficient when it comes to water problems. Both vegetation and drainage were modeled and the number of needed reinforcement decreased significantly assuring their advantages alongside with the reduction of the remedy price and being environmental friendly.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis and Remedies for Landslides Including Vegetation: A Case Study in Lebanon
AU  - Ali Fawaz
AU  - Sarah Abdullah
AU  - Elias Farah
AU  - Fadi Hagechehade
Y1  - 2017/10/12
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 320
EP  - 330
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.12
AB  - This paper aims to study and analyze the instability of slopes, their causes and possible remedies. The studied slope is located in Lebanon, and it is regularly subjected to slope instability in the rainfall season. Based on different boreholes results for the same site, two models were modeled using Plaxis and Talren, they were both studied under the effect of water, excavation and seismic load. The results show that the water is a principle cause of slope instability, by decreasing the shear parameters of soil or by the inducing pore pressure due to running water between layers. Many remedies were applied, and their results were analyzed and studied. Soil reinforcements, nails and piles, were applied and as water content increased, the number of reinforcement needed was high. Vegetation and drainage are more efficient when it comes to water problems. Both vegetation and drainage were modeled and the number of needed reinforcement decreased significantly assuring their advantages alongside with the reduction of the remedy price and being environmental friendly.
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download