| Peer-Reviewed

Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity

Received: 7 April 2020     Accepted: 27 April 2020     Published: 28 May 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

COVID-19, a rapidly spreading new strain of coronavirus, has affected more than 150 countries and received worldwide attention. The lack of efficacious drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the situation. Thus, there is an urgent need to boost up research for the development of effective therapeutics and affordable diagnostic against COVID-19. In this time of health crisis, it is the duty of scientific research community to provide alternative, effective and affordable strategies to vaccinate human bodies against viral infections-COVID-19 based on focused experimental approaches. Corona virus (CoV) is forward RNA virus on its surface, containing stick-shaped spikes. It is an undesirable broad genome of RNA, with an indefinite replication system. In mammals, birds, pigs and chickens, corona virus cause various infections. This triggers the pathogens of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death due to breathing illnesses. In this article the author briefly justify sudden occurrence of this highly pathogenic extreme lung disease and recently discovered in Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). This is review article are awareness about the CoVID-19 infection and its out break throughout the world. In this article brief history about life cycle, pathogenecity and transmittance of corona virus given.

Published in American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12
Page(s) 54-59
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Corna Virus, Genomic Structure, Life Cycle, Transmittance, Treatment and Prevention

References
[1] Abraham, S., T. E. Kienzle, W. Lapps, W and D. A. Brian. 1990. Deduced sequence of the bovine coronavirus spike protein and identification of the internal proteolytic cleavage site. Virology. 176 (1): 296–301.
[2] Armstrong. J., H. Niemann, S. Smeekens, P. Rottier and G. Warren. 1984. Sequence and topology of a model intracellular membrane protein, E1 glycoprotein, from a coronavirus. Nature. 308 (5961): 751–752.
[3] Barcena, M., G. T. Oostergetel, W. Bartelink, F. G. Faas, A. Verkleij, P. J. Rottier, A. J. Koster and B. J. Bosch. 2009. Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: Insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (2): 582–587.
[4] Beniac, D. R., A. Andonov, E. Grudeski and T. F. Booth. 2006. Architecture of the SARS coronavirus prefusion spike. Nature structural & molecular biology. 13 (8): 751–752.
[5] Bradburne, A. F., M. L. Bynoe and D. A. J. Tyrell. 2006. Effects of a “new” human respiratory virus in volunteers. Br Med J. 3: 767–769.
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003; 52 (12): 241–6.
[7] Cheng, P. K., A. D. Wong, L. K. Tong, S. M. Ip, A. C. Lo, C. S. Lau, E. Y. Yeung and W. W Lim. 2004. Viral shedding patterns of coronavirus in patients with probable severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 363 (9422): 1699–1700.
[8] Collins, A. R., R. L. Knobler, H. Powell and M. J. Buchmeier, 1982. Monoclonal antibodies to murine hepatitis virus-4 (strain JHM) define the viral glycoprotein responsible for attachment and cell--cell fusion. Virology. 119 (2): 358–371.
[9] de Groot, R. J., W. Luytjes, M. C. Horzinek, B. A. van der Zeijst, W. J. Spaan and J. A. Lenstra. 1987. Evidence for a coiled-coil structure in the spike proteins of coronaviruses. J Mol Biol. 196 (4): 963–966.
[10] Delmas. B and H. Laude. 1990. Assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and its role in epitope expression. Journal of virology. 64 (11): 5367–5375.
[11] Emery, S. L., D. D. Erdman, M. D Bowen, B. R. Newton, J. M. Winchell, R. F. Meyer, S. Tong, B. T. Cook, B. P. Holloway, K. A. McCaustland, P. A. Rota, B. Bankamp, L. E. Lowe, T. G. Ksiazek, W. J. Bellini and L. J. Anderson. 2004. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for SARS-associated coronavirus. Emerging infectious diseases. 10 (2): 311–316.
[12] Gaunt, E. R., A. Hardie, E. C. Claas, P. Simmonds and K. E. Templeton. 2010. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. Journal of clinical microbiology. 48 (8): 2940–2947.
[13] Godet, M., L. R. Haridon, J. F. Vautherot and H. Laude. 1992. TGEV corona virus ORF4 encodes a membrane protein that is incorporated into virions. Virology. 188 (2): 666–675.
[14] Hamre. D., and J. J. Procknow. 2009. A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 121 (1): 190–193.
[15] Klausegger, A., B. Strobl, G. Regl, A. Kaser, W. Luytjes and R. Vlasak. 1999. Identification of a coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase with a substrate specificity different from those of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. Journal of virology. 73 (5): 3737–3743.
[16] Krijnse-Locker. J., M. Ericsson, P. J. M. Rottier and G. Griffiths. 1994. Characterization of the budding compartment of mouse hepatitis virus: Evidence that transport from the RER to the golgi complex requires only one vesicular transport step. J Cell Biol. 124: 55–70.
[17] Kubo, H., Y. K. Yamada and F. Taguchi. 1994. Localization of neutralizing epitopes and the receptor-binding site within the amino-terminal 330 amino acids of the murine coronavirus spike protein. J Virol. 68: 5403–5410.
[18] Luytjes, W., L. S. Sturman, P. J. Bredenbeek, J. Charite, B. A. van der Zeijst, M. C. Horzinek and W. J. Spaan. 1987. Primary structure of the glycoprotein E2 of coronavirus MHV-A59 and identification of the trypsin cleavage site. Virology. 161 (2): 479–487.
[19] McIntosh, K., W. B. Becker and R. M. Chanock. 2006. Growth in suckling-mouse brain of “IBV-like” viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 58: 2268–2273.
[20] Nal. B., C. Chan, F. Kien, L. Siu, J. Tse, K. Chu, J. Kam, I. Staropoli, C. B. Crescenzo, N. Escriou, S. van der Werf, K. Y. Yuen and R. Altmeyer. 2005. Differential maturation and subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus surface proteins S, M and E. The Journal of general virology. 86 (Pt 5): 1423–1434.
[21] Peiris, J. S., K. Y. Yuen, A. D. Osterhaus and K. Stohr. 2003. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. The New England journal of medicine. 349 (25): 2431–2441.
[22] Sethna, P. B., M. A. Hofmann and D. A. Brian. 1991. Minus-strand copies of replicating coronavirus mRNAs contain antileaders. Journal of virology. 65 (1): 320–325.
[23] Sturman, L. S., K. V. Holmes, J. Behnke. 2000. Isolation of coronavirus envelope glycoproteins and interaction with the viral nucleocapsid. Journal of virology. 33 (1): 449–462.
[24] Tooze. J., S. Tooze and G. Warren. 1984. Replication of coronavirus MHV-A59 in sac- cells: determination of the first site of budding of progeny virions. European journal of cell biology. 33 (2): 281–293.
[25] Van der Hoek, L., K. Pyrc, M. F. Jebbink, W. Vermeulen-Oost, R. J. Berkhout, K. C. Wolthers, D. P. M. Wertheim-van, J. Kaandorp, J. Spaargaren and B. Berkhout. 2004. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med. 10 (4): 368–373.
[26] Van, der. Z. R., C. A. de Haan, and P. J. Rottier. 2003. The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. J Virol. 77 (16): 8801–8811.
[27] Woo, P. C., S. K. Lau, C. M. Chu, K. H. Chan, H. W. Tsoi, Y. Huang, B. H. Wong, R. W. Poon, J. J. Cai, W. K. Luk, L. L. Poon, S. S. Wong, Y. Guan, J. S. Peiris and K. Y.
[28] World Health Organization. WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China Geneva 2020 [updated 9 January 2020 and 14 January 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-whostatement.regarding-cluster-of-pneumoniacases-in-wuhanchina.
[29] Yuen. 2005. Characterization andcomplete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. Journal of virology. 79 (2): 884–895.
[30] Zhao, L., B. K. Jha, A. Wu, R. Elliott, J. Ziebuhr, A. E. Gorbalenya, R. H. Silverman and S. R. Weiss. 2012. Antagonism of the interferon-induced OAS-RNase L pathway by murine coronavirus ns2 protein is required for virus replication and liver pathology. Cell host & microbe. 11 (6): 607–616.
[31] Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. 24 January 2020. New England Journal of Medicine.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Nighat Zia-ud-Den, Amer Jamil, Muhammad Imran Kanjal, Sobia Ambreen, Zirwah Rizwan. (2020). Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 8(3), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Nighat Zia-ud-Den; Amer Jamil; Muhammad Imran Kanjal; Sobia Ambreen; Zirwah Rizwan. Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2020, 8(3), 54-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Nighat Zia-ud-Den, Amer Jamil, Muhammad Imran Kanjal, Sobia Ambreen, Zirwah Rizwan. Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2020;8(3):54-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12,
      author = {Nighat Zia-ud-Den and Amer Jamil and Muhammad Imran Kanjal and Sobia Ambreen and Zirwah Rizwan},
      title = {Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity},
      journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
      volume = {8},
      number = {3},
      pages = {54-59},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20200803.12},
      abstract = {COVID-19, a rapidly spreading new strain of coronavirus, has affected more than 150 countries and received worldwide attention. The lack of efficacious drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the situation. Thus, there is an urgent need to boost up research for the development of effective therapeutics and affordable diagnostic against COVID-19. In this time of health crisis, it is the duty of scientific research community to provide alternative, effective and affordable strategies to vaccinate human bodies against viral infections-COVID-19 based on focused experimental approaches. Corona virus (CoV) is forward RNA virus on its surface, containing stick-shaped spikes. It is an undesirable broad genome of RNA, with an indefinite replication system. In mammals, birds, pigs and chickens, corona virus cause various infections. This triggers the pathogens of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death due to breathing illnesses. In this article the author briefly justify sudden occurrence of this highly pathogenic extreme lung disease and recently discovered in Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). This is review article are awareness about the CoVID-19 infection and its out break throughout the world. In this article brief history about life cycle, pathogenecity and transmittance of corona virus given.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity
    AU  - Nighat Zia-ud-Den
    AU  - Amer Jamil
    AU  - Muhammad Imran Kanjal
    AU  - Sobia Ambreen
    AU  - Zirwah Rizwan
    Y1  - 2020/05/28
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12
    T2  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
    JF  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
    JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
    SP  - 54
    EP  - 59
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-880X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200803.12
    AB  - COVID-19, a rapidly spreading new strain of coronavirus, has affected more than 150 countries and received worldwide attention. The lack of efficacious drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the situation. Thus, there is an urgent need to boost up research for the development of effective therapeutics and affordable diagnostic against COVID-19. In this time of health crisis, it is the duty of scientific research community to provide alternative, effective and affordable strategies to vaccinate human bodies against viral infections-COVID-19 based on focused experimental approaches. Corona virus (CoV) is forward RNA virus on its surface, containing stick-shaped spikes. It is an undesirable broad genome of RNA, with an indefinite replication system. In mammals, birds, pigs and chickens, corona virus cause various infections. This triggers the pathogens of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death due to breathing illnesses. In this article the author briefly justify sudden occurrence of this highly pathogenic extreme lung disease and recently discovered in Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). This is review article are awareness about the CoVID-19 infection and its out break throughout the world. In this article brief history about life cycle, pathogenecity and transmittance of corona virus given.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Sections