Research Article
Polluter Pays Principle and Environmental Justice:
A Theoretical Discourse on Regulatory Effectiveness in Nigeria
Nyerhovwo Kingsley Erakpotobor*
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
24-36
Received:
10 October 2025
Accepted:
20 October 2025
Published:
15 June 2026
Abstract: This study critically examines the effectiveness of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) in advancing environmental justice (EJ) within Nigeria’s regulatory framework. Anchored in Political Ecology Theory, it interrogates how historical marginalization, power asymmetries, and weak institutions shape policy implementation and justice outcomes. Persistent environmental degradation—especially in the Niger Delta and urban centers like Lagos and Port Harcourt—reveals a pattern where vulnerable communities bear disproportionate burdens while major polluters evade accountability. Employing a qualitative, theoretical approach supported by comparative case insights, the study finds that despite PPP’s legal recognition, enforcement remains undermined by regulatory capture, corruption, and limited institutional capacity. These failures perpetuate environmental injustice, eroding equity, deterrence, and compliance. The paper contributes by bridging the gap between PPP, EJ, and regulatory effectiveness within Nigeria’s political ecology. It calls for a justice-oriented shift in environmental governance through participatory, transparent, and context-sensitive reforms. Strengthening civil society engagement, judicial activism, and community participation is emphasized as key to aligning environmental policy with practice across Nigeria and the broader Global South.
Abstract: This study critically examines the effectiveness of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) in advancing environmental justice (EJ) within Nigeria’s regulatory framework. Anchored in Political Ecology Theory, it interrogates how historical marginalization, power asymmetries, and weak institutions shape policy implementation and justice outcomes. Persiste...
Show More
Research Article
Assessment of Credit Management Practices and Loan Default Factors: Evidence from Cooperative Bank of Oromia Share Company, Ethiopia
Loko Mathewos Nigatu*
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
37-42
Received:
21 May 2026
Accepted:
30 May 2026
Published:
23 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.advances.20260702.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Credit management is a fundamental banking function that influences loan portfolio quality, profitability, and financial sustainability. In Ethiopia, the expansion of banking services and lending activities has increased the importance of effective credit management practices. However, non-performing loans continue to pose significant challenges to the banking sector, largely due to weaknesses in credit appraisal, monitoring, and recovery mechanisms. This study aimed to assess the credit management practices of Cooperative Bank of Oromia S.c., Ethiopia, with particular emphasis on credit granting procedures, collection strategies, factors affecting credit performance, and the causes of borrower default. A descriptive research design was employed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews administered to employees involved in credit-related operations, while secondary data were obtained from reports, policy manuals, and relevant literature. Out of 150 questionnaires distributed, 98 valid responses were returned and analyzed using descriptive statistical tools, including frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations. The findings revealed that the bank follows formal credit management procedures such as customer screening, financial analysis, collateral evaluation, and loan monitoring. Nevertheless, weaknesses were identified in monitoring and follow-up mechanisms. The results further indicated that macroeconomic factors, including inflation, high interest rates, unemployment, and economic instability, negatively affect credit performance. In addition, poor loan appraisal, delayed loan disbursement, unrealistic repayment schedules, inadequate supervision, and weak monitoring systems were found to be the major causes of borrower default. The study concludes that strengthening credit appraisal systems, enhancing loan monitoring and supervision, improving staff capacity, and adopting technology-based credit management tools are essential for reducing non-performing loans and improving the financial performance and sustainability of Cooperative Bank of Oromia S.c.
Abstract: Credit management is a fundamental banking function that influences loan portfolio quality, profitability, and financial sustainability. In Ethiopia, the expansion of banking services and lending activities has increased the importance of effective credit management practices. However, non-performing loans continue to pose significant challenges to...
Show More
