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Review Article
Comprehensive Review of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factors and Their Role in Urinary Tract Infection
Wondwesen Mitiku*,
Debebe Landina Lata
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
43-50
Received:
7 May 2025
Accepted:
10 June 2025
Published:
7 July 2025
Abstract: Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium that lives in numerous places within the environment, including the gastrointestinal framework of people. Most strains of Escherichia coli contribute positively to human health by aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. However, certain strains can become pathogenic and are capable of causing extraintestinal infections in humans. Among these, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in women, children, and the elderly. UPEC strains possess unique genetic traits known as virulence factors, which are essential for their ability to colonize, invade, and persist within the urinary tract. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the major virulence factors associated with UPEC and to evaluate their specific roles in the pathogenesis of UTIs. UPEC virulence factors are broadly classified into surface-associated structures and secreted products. Type 1 fimbriae and P fimbriae are the major surface adhesion structures, allowing UPEC to attach to and colonize the uroepithelial cells of the bladder and kidneys. Capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) contribute to immune evasion and biofilm formation, enhancing the bacteria’s ability to persist in hostile environments. In addition to surface structures, UPEC also secretes various toxins and effector proteins. These include hemolysin, which lyses host cells; cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), which interfere with host cell function; secreted autotransporter toxin (SAT), which promotes tissue damage; and siderophores, which facilitate iron acquisition from the host, an essential nutrient for bacterial growth. Further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying UPEC virulence and the factors contributing to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant clones. A comprehensive understanding of virulence factor expression, regulation, and interaction with the host immune system could provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Abstract: Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium that lives in numerous places within the environment, including the gastrointestinal framework of people. Most strains of Escherichia coli contribute positively to human health by aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. However, certain strains can become pathogenic and are capable of causing extra...
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Research Article
Minimization of Postharvest Loss on Cereal Crops Through Capacity Building of Artisans and Youth Groups
Tasfaye Aseffa*,
Laike Kebede
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
51-59
Received:
25 April 2025
Accepted:
14 May 2025
Published:
15 July 2025
Abstract: The current Ethiopian policy is to strengthen mechanization to improve crop production. The economy depends on agriculture, and the technology imported challenges Ethiopian inducers. The best option is the strength of local manufacturers and artisans. The purpose of this training was to strengthen the artisan and youth groups to improve fabrication quality. The training was conducted on fabrications of maize sheller and metal silo at Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre. The parts of Sheller are: supporter, drum, engine, shaft, chain, and sprocket. The sheller parameters are: speeds, moisture, shelling capacity, efficiency, and grain damage. Metal silo designs parameters: diameter of silo, height, thickness, and density of crop. The material used was galvanized sheet metal (28 gauge), lead, acid, and benzene. The trainers come from Oromia, Amhara, Central Ethiopia, Sidama, and the South Ethiopia region. They equally participated in maize sheller and metal silo fabrication. Oromia and Amhara (28%), Central and South Ethiopia (17%), and Sidama (10%) of the artisans successfully participated. They cover theoretical and practical sessions, and they can fabricate quality sheller and metal silos. After the training, they can develop their business, and it results in the minimizing of crop as it improves the accessibility of the technologies. Ethiopia's policy aims to improve crop production through mechanization, focusing on local manufacturers and artisans. A training program was conducted at the Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre to improve fabrication quality of maize shellers and metal silos. The training involved trainers from various regions, with 28% of participants successfully participating. The training helped artisans improve their skills, leading to business development and reduced crop loss, thereby enhancing technology accessibility.
Abstract: The current Ethiopian policy is to strengthen mechanization to improve crop production. The economy depends on agriculture, and the technology imported challenges Ethiopian inducers. The best option is the strength of local manufacturers and artisans. The purpose of this training was to strengthen the artisan and youth groups to improve fabrication...
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Research Article
Effect of Harvesting Stage and Cutting Interval on Herbage Yield and Quality of Desho Grass Under Irrigation at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center
Nebi Husein*,
Meseret Tilahun,
Daniel Wana
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
60-67
Received:
18 March 2025
Accepted:
9 April 2025
Published:
19 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20250603.13
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Abstract: The experiment was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center (on station) for two consecutive years (2021-2022) with the objective to evaluate the effect of harvesting stage and cutting intervals on herbage dry matter yield, other agronomic performances, nutritive value and economic advantages of Desho grass variety (KK1-DZF # 591) produced under irrigation. The treatment contained three levels of harvesting stages (60, 75, and 90) and three cutting times (30, 45 and 60 days). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The data collected from the current study were herbage dry matter yield, yield related agronomic parameters, and chemical composition of the grass. The analysis of variance indicated that plant height, leave length, leaf to stem ratio and herbage dry matter yield were showed significance (P<0.001) variations among the treatments. The highest plant height was recorded from advanced age at cutting interval 60 days and the lowest was from the early harvesting at 30 days. The highest herbage dry matter yield was recorded from treatment harvested every 45 days of cutting interval, after a maximum age of 75, this was due to high number of tillers recorded. The lowest values were recorded long stages of harvesting (90 and 75 days) with long cutting interval (60 days). The highest cutting frequencies were recorded from early harvesting stage (60 days) of cutting interval after every month (30 days) and the lowest was from late harvesting stage (90 days) of cutting interval after two months (60 days). CP, ash NDF and, ADF contents of Desho grass was affected by harvesting stage and cutting interval. The highest mean values of CP and ash contents were recorded from early harvested forage at 30 and 45 days than 60 days of cutting intervals and the lowest was recorded from late of cutting interval. The highest returns were obtained from forage harvested at every 45 days after reach maximum age of 75 days at both seasons. 75x45 treatment combination was good in total dry biomass yield, chemical compositions and high return. Therefore, Desho grass established under irrigation condition harvested after the harvesting stage of 75 days with cutting interval 45 days was recommended for the end user of the study area and similar agro ecology.
Abstract: The experiment was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center (on station) for two consecutive years (2021-2022) with the objective to evaluate the effect of harvesting stage and cutting intervals on herbage dry matter yield, other agronomic performances, nutritive value and economic advantages of Desho grass variety (KK1-DZF # 591) produ...
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