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Integrated Major Pest Management Systems of Enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) in Ethiopia
Habtamu Gudisa Megersa,
Dadi Tolessa Lemma
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
14-21
Received:
21 February 2022
Accepted:
1 April 2022
Published:
22 April 2022
Abstract: Enset is an important root crop widely used as a staple food for millions of people in Ethiopia. Despite to enset is dominantly produced in southern and south western parts of the county, diverse diseases and insect pests are challenging its growth and productivity at these production areas. Hence, this review was aimed to discuss the integrated pest management (IPM) system that used to control the major enset pests (disease and inset) in different production areas of Ethiopia. Enset is a root crop that is highly susceptible to different kinds of diseases and insect pest problems. Enset Bacterial wilt (EBW) is a major devastating disease causing important economic losses and can lead up to killing the whole plant parts that are commonly observed around enset growing areas of the country. Enset root mealybug is also a major insect found on the upper half of the corm and root parts of enset which can retard the plant growth and causes to dry the outer parts of the leaf that might finally leading to the plant death. However, most of enset growers are practicing different controlling mechanisms against these major enset diseases and insect pests around the production areas. Due to the chemical controlling method needs the cost of purchase and usage on root mealybug has usually not effective, the producers are widely uses an IPM systems incorporating with their indigenous knowledges to prevent the major disease and insect introduction to the enset field and to control an already infected plant. Hence, the enset producers mainly uses the IPM components like the host plant resistance, the cultural controlling system, the biological controlling system, and the chemical controlling system as the last option to manage their enset farms in Ethiopia. These IPM components are not only an optional pest controlling methods but necessitate its practice against the major pest problems due to environmentally friend, cost-effective, and alternative options to various behaviors of pests. However, breeding for pest-resistant enset genotype and adoption of successful IPM controlling mechanisms to all enset growing areas need further work to alleviate the encountered challenges on the enset production areas in Ethiopia.
Abstract: Enset is an important root crop widely used as a staple food for millions of people in Ethiopia. Despite to enset is dominantly produced in southern and south western parts of the county, diverse diseases and insect pests are challenging its growth and productivity at these production areas. Hence, this review was aimed to discuss the integrated pe...
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Listrus senilis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Melyridae), a Little-Known Pollinator Species Associated to Wild and Cultivated Dahlia (Asteraceae) in Mexico
Jesus Romero Napoles,
Jose Abel Lopez-Buenfil
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
22-26
Received:
25 March 2022
Accepted:
27 April 2022
Published:
10 May 2022
Abstract: In Mexico the distribution and role of the Listrus senilis species is poorly known. The objective of this paper is to offer information about the role of pollination of L. senilis on wild and cultivated plants of the genus Dahlia, and some biological observation of this insect in the Central Mexico. The dahlia is considered the national flower of Mexico, the plants are showy with yellow, orange and red flowers; common in rocky areas and roadsides in the mountainous areas of Mexico. It blooms between July and September, in the central region of Mexico it is common to find it in wild and cultivated areas. During 2021 (August to November), in the Estado de Mexico, were collected melyrid pollinators on wild and cultivated plants of the Asteraceae family. We inspected inflorescences on Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Dahlia coccinea Cav., Dahlia merckii Lehm., Dahlia rudis Sorensen, Tagetes lunulata Ort., Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass., Montanoa tomentosa Cerv., D. rudis, and D. campanulata. We found the Listrus semilis species associated on plants wild and cultivated of the genus Dahlia, and wild plats of Tagetes lunulata Ort., Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass., Montanoa tomentosa Cerv., in Estado de Mexico. For first time is recorded Listrus senilis to the Estado de Mexico, also eight new floral records are added as host for this melyrid species. The adult habitus of male and female as well as genitalia of both sexes are illustrated.
Abstract: In Mexico the distribution and role of the Listrus senilis species is poorly known. The objective of this paper is to offer information about the role of pollination of L. senilis on wild and cultivated plants of the genus Dahlia, and some biological observation of this insect in the Central Mexico. The dahlia is considered the national flower of M...
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Nesting System and Foraging Behaviour of Crematogaster (Nematocrema) stadelmanni Mayr, 1895 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Douala (Littoral-Cameroon)
Mohamed Basile Moumite,
Patrick Steve Tuekam-Kowa,
Rameline Prudence Guetsop-Ngouadjie,
Sedrick Junior Tsekane,
Boris Fouelifack-Nintidem,
Miric Biawa Kagmegni,
Babelle Ngamaleu-Siewe,
Edith Laure Kenne,
Romaine Magloire Fantio,
Abel Kayoum Yomon,
Jeanne Aggripine Yetchom-Fondjo,
Armand Didier Foguieng-Saha,
Paul Serge Mbenoun Masse,
Martin Kenne,
Abraham Fomena
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
27-42
Received:
9 May 2022
Accepted:
23 May 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
Abstract: Nesting system, diet behaviour, activity rhythm and predatory behaviour of Crematogaster (Nematocrema) stadelmanni Mayr, 1895 were studied in the field situation in suburbs of Douala (Littoral-Cameroon). Polycalic and polydomous nesting system were recorded. Large independent nests were positioned on the bark surface of trunks (50.8%) or the underside bark of the fork of large branches (49.2%) of cultivated or wild trees (45.8% and 54.2% respectively). Workers collected nectar from 18 plants from eight families: Asteraceae, Costaceae, Ehretiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae Phyllantaceae, Poaceae and Rutaceae. They collected honeydew from Aleyrodidae and four Hemipteran families from Sternorrhyncha suborder: Aphididae, Coccidae Pseudococcidae and Stictococcidae. These Hemipterans proliferated on 11 plant families: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Costaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and Urticaceae. Solid particles brought back to the nest were mostly from plants (72.5%) and weakly preys (27.5%). Sugary liquids were preferred over fats, carbohydrate sources, and even preys. Products were collected continuously (day and night) in the foliage of the host plant and neighbouring plants, shrubs and grasses. Workers occasionally brought back to the nest dead or dying larvae of grasshoppers and small particles of other arthropods (ants, flies, caterpillars). The sequence of behavioural acts recorded during the capture of larvae of Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and adults of Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) (3 to 5 mm and 15 to 20 mm long respectively) were compared. The main sequence presented succession of seven acts: (1) detection by contact; (2) antennation; (3) attack-seizure; (4) short-range recruitment of nestmates in the vicinity; (5) spread-eagling of preys; (6) cutting up the prey on the spot; and (7) transport of pieces or whole prey to the nest. The stinging phase was not recorded. The duration of the capture of small prey (66 min. to 1 hr. 25 sec.; mean ± se: 1 hr. 57 min. 25 sec. ± 12 min. 2 sec.; 10 essays) was lower than that of large preys (2 hrs. 33 sec. to 4 hrs. 16 sec.; 2 hrs. 58 min. 32 sec. ± 17 min. 15 sec.; 10 essays; Mann-Withney test: T = 72.00; p = 0.014). The long duration of captures suggested that spread-eagling and cutting up preys on the spot lasted a long time. Cr. stadelmanni is a poor predator indirectly harmful for wild or cultivated trees since their predatory aptitude is low compared to aggressive dominant arboreal-nesting ants and is counterbalanced by the propensity to honeydew.
Abstract: Nesting system, diet behaviour, activity rhythm and predatory behaviour of Crematogaster (Nematocrema) stadelmanni Mayr, 1895 were studied in the field situation in suburbs of Douala (Littoral-Cameroon). Polycalic and polydomous nesting system were recorded. Large independent nests were positioned on the bark surface of trunks (50.8%) or the unders...
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Effect of Adult Nutrition at Different Concentrations on Reproduction and Longevity of Bracon brevicornis, Larval Parasitoid of Coconut Black-Headed Caterpillar
Nor Ahya Mahadi,
Tajul Ariffin Aziz Yusof,
Mazidah Mat,
Razali Baki
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
43-48
Received:
24 May 2022
Accepted:
17 June 2022
Published:
27 June 2022
Abstract: Coconut black-headed caterpillar (Opisina arenosella) or BHC is one of the main coconut palm defoliators in many Asian countries, including Malaysia, where it was discovered in 2017. Since then, an effort has been made to manage the pest by the use of larval parasitoids, started with a study on the effects of sucrose diet on reproduction, longevity and parasitism of a naturally occurring parasitoid known as Bracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The aim of this study was to determine the optimal sucrose concentration for improving its rearing technique. Two experiments were conducted, i.e., a) reproductive performance study; and b) longevity study. In each study, different sucrose concentrations were tested on mated females in five (5) replications. Feeding on 20% sucrose concentration resulted in significantly (P<0.05) highest fecundity (82.4 ± 0.9), hatchability (100%), pupation, fertility (82.7%) and longest reproductive period (12.8 ± 0.3 days) of B. brevicornis among treatments. Meanwhile, 40% sucrose was able to prolong its adults’ lifespan (20.6 days). Adults fed on 20% sucrose had the highest parasitism (33.4±0.6 host larvae), despite the fact that 30% sucrose had no statistically significant difference. Thus, this study suggested that 20% sucrose could be suitable to increase fertility and parasitism by B. brevicornis. However, additional research on its effect on behaviours is necessary to acquire a better knowledge of its efficiency in the field.
Abstract: Coconut black-headed caterpillar (Opisina arenosella) or BHC is one of the main coconut palm defoliators in many Asian countries, including Malaysia, where it was discovered in 2017. Since then, an effort has been made to manage the pest by the use of larval parasitoids, started with a study on the effects of sucrose diet on reproduction, longevity...
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