Gender, Market Participation and Household Income Differential in Nigeria: Analysis of Covariance Approach
Oluwole Ibikunle Ogunyemi,
Babajide Ayodeji Lawal
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
1-7
Received:
15 March 2019
Accepted:
23 April 2019
Published:
12 June 2019
Abstract: Despite the various economic reforms that have been implemented in Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa, average household income has been low. Some of the reforms have been on boosting farming productivity, non-farm employment and encouraging market participation of households and gender mainstreaming. Nevertheless, over 70% of Nigerians live below US$1 per day. Many studies have been done on factors like education and age that affect household income but have not looked at the interactive effect of the variables. This paper, therefore, analysed the response of household income to gender, market participation, occupation and the effect of these variables in interactive forms on household income. The study used the 2010 Nigeria General Household Survey comprising 5,000 households out of which 4, 845 households were used for analysis upon data cleaning. The variables of interest included household per capita expenditure and demographics. Analysis of covariance with Tobit regression was applied. The results showed that household head income level have a diminishing return relationship with age but reduced with increase in household size. Income of the household heads that are male, participate in market and of non-farming occupation is higher by N16,273.03, N35,685.17 and N91,019.48 than their opposite categories respectively. Male–farming have mean income lower by N23,284.91 than the female-non farming household heads. There is need to promote gender mainstreaming in favour of female on household income. Non-farming occupation and market participation of farming households should be promoted to boost household income in Nigeria.
Abstract: Despite the various economic reforms that have been implemented in Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa, average household income has been low. Some of the reforms have been on boosting farming productivity, non-farm employment and encouraging market participation of households and gender mainstreaming. Nevertheless, over 70% of Nigerians live be...
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Application of Queuing Theory to a Bank’s Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Service Optimization
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
8-12
Received:
16 April 2019
Accepted:
29 May 2019
Published:
24 June 2019
Abstract: Automated teller machine (ATM) is one of the several electronic banking channels used in the banking industry. This brought about queue (waiting line) and this is because customers waiting in line to receive service by using the ATM are inevitable and hence queue control became an issue This paper applies queuing theory to determine the average time customers spend on queue and actual time of delivery thereby examining the impact of time wasting and cost associated with it. Direct non-participatory observation and questionnaire were engaged to record time measurements and primary data. Performance measure of the system was calculated and the number of servers for optimum service delivery was also analysed. To analyse customers’ satisfaction, questionnaires were administered to ATM customers. Respondents fairly represent the ATM customer population, males and females, old and young and persons from various occupation backgrounds. Responses from above are analyzed as answers to questions, presented on the questionnaire. For each question, we analyzed using incidences and percentage to determine the weight of support for a particular option. Means, variances and standard derivation are computed for questions on tolerable waiting time and average cash withdrawal. It was commended that the case bank increase the number of servers so as to help reduce wait time and wait cost. From the analysis and observation, service unavailability was observed to be a contributory factor to queue formation at the case ATM.
Abstract: Automated teller machine (ATM) is one of the several electronic banking channels used in the banking industry. This brought about queue (waiting line) and this is because customers waiting in line to receive service by using the ATM are inevitable and hence queue control became an issue This paper applies queuing theory to determine the average tim...
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