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Evaluation of Road Traffic Noise Pollution in Quetta (Pakistan)
H. U. khan,
Syed Imran Ali
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
29-36
Received:
19 November 2013
Published:
30 January 2014
Abstract: Pakistan, like other developing countries, is facing the growing problem of traffic noise pollution of the modern world. It is a notable problem of urban areas of the country including Quetta city. The basic cause of this problem is the tremendous increase in traffic volume and lack of proper town planning. This study is the first proper attempt to evaluate the traffic noise level in Quetta city. To estimate the level of road traffic noise, the technique employed is a “regular grid over a map” . This technique generated 60 observation locations across the city covering almost the whole city. The different zones are classified on the standards of US Department of Housing and Urban Development. The measuring points generated so have been divided into four categories depending upon the activities carried out in that region. It is observed that mixed area i.e. “commercial and residential” are at high risk, where the Lmax is 93.1 dB and the statistical analysis reveals the fact that the 77.1 % of the locations in residential areas are higher than the standards set by the local authority. Noise map is also designed for future use and the better understanding of the traffic noise in Quetta city. It is observed that most of the population of the city is significantly exposed to the high noise level due to the unmitigated traffic noise.
Abstract: Pakistan, like other developing countries, is facing the growing problem of traffic noise pollution of the modern world. It is a notable problem of urban areas of the country including Quetta city. The basic cause of this problem is the tremendous increase in traffic volume and lack of proper town planning. This study is the first proper attempt to...
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Enhancement of Thermoelectric Effects in a Single Molecular Magnet due to Resonance Tunnelling
Jian-Hua Wang,
Wei-Ping Xu,
Yu-Ying Zhang,
Yi-Hang Nie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
37-44
Received:
19 January 2014
Published:
20 February 2014
Abstract: Thermoelectric properties of the single molecular magnet coupled to two metal electrodes are investigated theoretically. For the infinite Coulomb interaction the singly-occupied states determine the effective transport channels. At the low temperature the thermopower and the figure of merit present the large values near bonding state level, and for the given temperature the thermopower and the figure of merit are significantly enhanced with coupling intensity decreasing. When Coulomb interaction is finite, the spectra of thermoelectric quantities split into two sets. The peaks of the thermopower and figure of merit corresponding to doubly-occupied transport channels are much larger than unity for the small coupling intensity. These results are useful for understanding and designing highly efficient thermoelectric devices based on molecular magnet.
Abstract: Thermoelectric properties of the single molecular magnet coupled to two metal electrodes are investigated theoretically. For the infinite Coulomb interaction the singly-occupied states determine the effective transport channels. At the low temperature the thermopower and the figure of merit present the large values near bonding state level, and for...
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Optical, Morphological and Electrical Properties of Silver and Aluminium Metallization Contacts for Solar Cells
Zakia Fekkai,
Nazir Mustapha,
Ali Hennache
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
45-50
Received:
21 January 2014
Published:
28 February 2014
Abstract: A lower resistivity and better spectra selectivity is a measurement of the quality and potential use of silver Ag and aluminium Al metals for the application as metallization contacts for solar cells. Aluminium (Al) and silver (Ag) thin films deposited by thermal evaporation at room temperature were dense with small grain sizes, and maintained a high value of reflectance (in the spectral range from 300 to 3200 nm) with annealing at 300 °C in an argon atmosphere. Experimental results indicate that the surface roughness is increased while the film’s resistivities are reduced. It was also found that the surface roughness and work function of metal films are very important to enhance the stability and efficiency of electrode thin films used for solar cells.
Abstract: A lower resistivity and better spectra selectivity is a measurement of the quality and potential use of silver Ag and aluminium Al metals for the application as metallization contacts for solar cells. Aluminium (Al) and silver (Ag) thin films deposited by thermal evaporation at room temperature were dense with small grain sizes, and maintained a ...
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Relativistic Energy and Mass Originate from Homogeneity of Space and Time and from Quantum Vacuum Energy Density
Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri,
Amrit Sorli
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
51-59
Received:
25 January 2014
Published:
28 February 2014
Abstract: In a previous paper we have shown it is possible to build alternative versions of Special Theory of Relativity only considering homogeneity of space, of time and Relative Principle without invoking the postulate of invariance of light velocity in all the inertial frames. Within these alternatives, space and time transformations different than the Lorentz ones like, in particular, the Selleri inertial transformations, are possible. This has many important consequences as, for example, the need for the distinction between physical time as duration of change in space and mathematical time as a parameter quantifying this change as well as the anisotropy of one-way velocity of light. These results require a reformulation and a new understanding of relativistic energy and mass. In this paper we'll firstly show that, using only classical laws of Newtonian mechanics, classical electrodynamics and fundamental physical principles of homogeneity of space and time without referring to Theory of Relativity at all, it is possible to derive the correct form of fundamental equation E。= mc2, the relativistic energy and momentum of a free particle in a preferred inertial frame. This makes relativistic energy and mass to assume a realistic physical meaning and an unambiguous definition only when referred to this preferred inertial frame identified by inertial transformations. This special universal meaning of energy, not recognized by standard Theory of Relativity, in which relativistic energy can assume different and independent values in all the possible infinite inertial frames, appears to be related to the fundamental invariance properties of space itself on which inertial transformations are based. In order to explain the origin of relativistic energy and mass, a novel physical model, also coherent with experimental results, has been then proposed. According to our model, mass could be considered as a conventional view of more fundamental properties of space emerging from a quantum vacuum, ruled by the Planck metric, in which the most fundamental physical entity is represented by energy density. In this picture relativistic mass and energy are coherently expressed as a measure of the diminished energy density of quantum vacuum.
Abstract: In a previous paper we have shown it is possible to build alternative versions of Special Theory of Relativity only considering homogeneity of space, of time and Relative Principle without invoking the postulate of invariance of light velocity in all the inertial frames. Within these alternatives, space and time transformations different than the L...
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Mental Time Travel is Possible due to the Fact that Time is Bound to the Mind in the Presence of Consciousness
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
60-72
Received:
1 February 2014
Published:
10 March 2014
Abstract: A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field gives birth to TRP that appears to be the origin of all the matter particles. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. TCP thus appears to be the origin of all the field particles. The quantized energy of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Time of any kind cannot exist without the existence of consciousness. Time without consciousness is not possible. But consciousness without time is possible due the existence of universal consciousness. The manifestation of any type of time is solely dependent on the manifestation of consciousness. There is no manifestation of ‘time’ unless there is the generation of consciousness [=εT =mT c2 = hc/λT (where mT= quantized mass of the TCP, c= free-space velocity of light, h = Planck’s quantum constant, λT = wavelength of the TCP)]. It is shown here that mental time travel is possible due to the fact that time is bound to the mind in the presence of consciousness.
Abstract: A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that c...
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Boundary Conditions Effects on the Ground State of a Two-Electron Atom in a Vacuum Cavity
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
73-81
Received:
2 January 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: The ground state properties of the two-electron atom with atomic number in the spherical vacuum cavity with general boundary conditions of “not going out” are studied. It is shown that for certain parameters of the cavity such atom could either decay into the one-electron atom with the same atomic number and an electron or be in stable state with the binding and ionization energies several times bigger than the same energies of the free atom. By analogy with the Wigner-Seitz model of metallic bonding, the possibility of the existence of such effects on the lattice formed by the vacuum cavities filled with the two-electron atoms of the same type is discussed.
Abstract: The ground state properties of the two-electron atom with atomic number in the spherical vacuum cavity with general boundary conditions of “not going out” are studied. It is shown that for certain parameters of the cavity such atom could either decay into the one-electron atom with the same atomic number and an electron or be in stable state with...
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Cosserat-Cartan Modification of Einstein-Riemann Relativity and Cosmic Dark Energy Density
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
82-87
Received:
7 March 2014
Accepted:
8 April 2014
Published:
10 April 2014
Abstract: Based on pioneering works by Sciama and Kibble to extend Einstein-Cartan theory of gravity we give a new derivation for the cosmic energy density. It is argued that the ‘t Hooft-Veltman and Wilson method of renormalization implies the relativity of fractal spacetime at the quantum scale and a dark energy density of E(D) = 95.5 percent. It is further revealed that similar conclusions could be made using A.C. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity. Finally the wider philosophical implication of the theory is discussed.
Abstract: Based on pioneering works by Sciama and Kibble to extend Einstein-Cartan theory of gravity we give a new derivation for the cosmic energy density. It is argued that the ‘t Hooft-Veltman and Wilson method of renormalization implies the relativity of fractal spacetime at the quantum scale and a dark energy density of E(D) = 95.5 percent. It is furth...
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An Econophysical Approach of Polynomial Distribution Applied to Income and Expenditure
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
88-92
Received:
16 March 2014
Accepted:
8 April 2014
Published:
10 April 2014
Abstract: Polynomial distribution can be applied to dynamic systems in certain situations. Macroeconomic systems characterized by economic variables such as income and wealth can be modelled similarly using polynomials. We extend our previous work to data regarding income from a more diversified pool of countries, which contains developed countries with high income, developed countries with middle income, developing and underdeveloped countries. Also, for the first time we look at the applicability of polynomial distribution to expenditure (consumption). Using cumulative distribution function, we found that polynomials are applicable with a high degree of success to the distribution of income to all countries considered without significant differences. Moreover, expenditure data can be fitted very well by this polynomial distribution. We considered a distribution to be robust if the values for coefficient of determination are higher than 90%. Using this criterion, we decided the degree for the polynomials used in our analysis by trying to minimize the number of coefficients, respectively first or second degree. Lastly, we look at possible correlation between the values from coefficient of determination and Gini coefficient for disposable income.
Abstract: Polynomial distribution can be applied to dynamic systems in certain situations. Macroeconomic systems characterized by economic variables such as income and wealth can be modelled similarly using polynomials. We extend our previous work to data regarding income from a more diversified pool of countries, which contains developed countries with high...
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Tornadoes and the Global Anisotropy of the Physical Space
Yuriy Alexeevich Baurov,
Igor Fedorovich Malov,
Francesco Meneguzzo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
93-112
Received:
18 March 2014
Accepted:
8 April 2014
Published:
10 April 2014
Abstract: Whereas the basic physical mechanisms leading to the onset and evolution of tornadoes have been well established, some progress can still be useful to identify the conditions supporting the development of a tornado towards a violent or catastrophic stage, as well as possible specific and observable events triggering the onset of a tornado in a generally favorable atmospheric environment. On the basis of an assumed global anisotropy of the physical spaceand the associated non-gauge byuon theory, an additional mechanism of energy accumulation in the process of development of a tornado to its mature stage is proposedand its consistency is checked against a dataset of individual tornadoes as well as of tornado outbreaks. The results point to a significant link between the angle formed by the cosmological vector potentialrepresenting the global anisotropy of the physical space and the surface tangent to the local Earth’s surface and the occurrence of the most energetic tornadoes; as a consequence, such tornadoes are shown to occur only at specific times of the day depending on latitude, longitude and day of the year. Moreover, a further additional mechanism is proposed for the early origin of a tornado, on the basis of the interaction of a large peak current lightning discharge with the cosmological vector potential introduced by the byuon theory. It is shown how, in the framework of the proposed theory, a fraction of the energy of a tornado at its onset stage can originate from the self-energy associated with the formation of the physical space of elementary particles located along the lightning discharge. The verification of the proposed mechanism for the onset of tornadoes is delayed to later time when suitable data sets will be available.
Abstract: Whereas the basic physical mechanisms leading to the onset and evolution of tornadoes have been well established, some progress can still be useful to identify the conditions supporting the development of a tornado towards a violent or catastrophic stage, as well as possible specific and observable events triggering the onset of a tornado in a gene...
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Three-Mode Approximation of Symmetrical Triple-Square Wells
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014
Pages:
113-117
Received:
4 March 2014
Accepted:
11 April 2014
Published:
20 April 2014
Abstract: One transformation, analogy to two mode approximation, is presented for triple-square wells. The energy splitting is determined by the strength of the tunneling coupling between nearest neighbor wells, while the next-nearest neighbor tunneling coupling plays crucial role to the invariant first excited state with the maximum entanglement states for the far separated square-wells
Abstract: One transformation, analogy to two mode approximation, is presented for triple-square wells. The energy splitting is determined by the strength of the tunneling coupling between nearest neighbor wells, while the next-nearest neighbor tunneling coupling plays crucial role to the invariant first excited state with the maximum entanglement states for ...
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