Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon; Oyebanji Toba James

doi:doi:10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon, Oyebanji Toba James

Published in Urban and Regional Planning (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 3 February 2021 Accepted: 4 March 2021 Published: 17 March 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The sustainable development trajectory of rural areas hinges on the number and quality of human resources and endogenous capital. This requires a new and reformed rural development policy to comprehensively address deficiencies of the local development system, poor human resources, and the lack of legitimate local institutions, weakness of trust and entrepreneurship, as well as making all these issues as part of rural development policy. This paper aims to explore the potential of counter-urbanization as an opportunity for developing rural areas, linked with the entrepreneurship tendencies of the diverse peoples involved in counter-urbanization, the residents of rural areas and the potentials and rural capitals endowments of rural areas. In doing this, the paper also explores the age-long and modern functional relationships between urban and rural areas. In this continuum, urban and rural spaces, networks, socioeconomic activities, and identities were never truly separated, due to later urbanization and industrialization in developing countries. Using a review analysis approach, the paper relies on documentary instruments for data generation, as well as content analysis of generated data. The paper is of the view that whereas, the complex consequences of counter-urbanization, present challenges to policymakers who seek to alleviate poverty, improve rural areas conditions and reduce spatially income inequalities. It is however realized that the potentials of counter-urbanization and the closely related factors of entrepreneurship can greatly enhance rural development in developing countries, like Nigeria. What is required are that local development initiatives must use the resources they have (local knowledge, land, skills and traditions, primary production, natural environmental beauty and social networks), turning or configuring these resources into development resources to unlock their internal development capacity sustainably.

Published in	Urban and Regional Planning (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
Page(s)	47-56
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, Tourism, Counter-urbanization, Sustainable Development

References

[1]	Adger, W. N., Boyd, E., Fábos, A., Fransen, S., Jolivet, D., Neville, G., de Campos, R. S. and Vijge, M. J. (2019). Migration transforms the conditions for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3 (11), 440-442.
[2]	Aluko, E. and Agbola, Tunde (2006). The Impact of Urban-Rural Migration on the Environment, Urban and Regional Planning Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, March.
[3]	Ainsaar, M. (2004). Reasons for Move: A Study on Trends and Reasons of Internal Migration. With a particular interest in Estonia 1989- 2000. – Dissertation, Department of Social Policy, University of Turku. - 2008-10-23.
[4]	Akgun, A. A., Baycan-Levent, J., Nijkamp, P. and Poot, J. (2011). Role of Local and Newcomer Entrepreneurs in Rural Development: A Comparative Meta-analytic Study. Regional Studies, 45 (9), 1207-1223.
[5]	Augustine, O, I. (2005). "The Local Government System and Grassroots Development in Nigeria: Issues, Problems and Challenges" in Andrew, G. O. and Gideon E. D. O. (eds), +Perspective on Development. Benin: Centre for Population and Environmental Development.
[6]	Berry, B. (1976). The Counter-urbanization Process: Urban America since 1970. Urban Affairs Annual Review, 11: 17-30.
[7]	Bergmann, H., and Baumgartner, D. (2010). Entrepreneurship in Urban and Rural Switzerland: Similar or Worlds Apart? The Theory and Practice of Entrepreneurship: Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research, 287. Accessed on 10/08/2017.
[8]	Boyle, P. and Halfacree, K. (1998). Migration into Rural Areas: Theories and Issues. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
[9]	Bryant, C. R. (1989). Entrepreneurs in the Rural Environment, Journal of Rural Studies 5, 337-348.
[10]	Bures, R. M. (1997). Migration and the Life Course: Is There a Retirement Transition? International Journal of Population Geography 3, 109-119.
[11]	Champion, A. (2000). Demography in U. Gardiner and H. Mathews (Eds.), The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom, London and New York: Rout- ledge.
[12]	Chipeniuk, R. (2004). Planning for Amenity Migration in Canada – Current Capacities of Interior British Columbian Mountain Communities. Mountain Research and Development, 24: 327-335.
[13]	Cloke, P. (1985). Country backwater to the virtual village? Rural studies and the 'cultural turn', Journal of Rural Studies 13, 367-375.
[14]	Cuervo, A., Ribeiro, D., and Roig, S. (2007). "Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Introduction" in Alvaro, C., Domingo, R. and Salvador, R. (eds), Entrepreneurship Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Heidelberg: Springer.
[15]	Dahms, F. A. and Mccomb, J. (1999). Counter urbanization, interaction, and functional change in a rural amenity area: A Canadian example. Journal of Rural Studies 15. 2. pp. 129-146.
[16]	Damianakos, S. (2001) The Ongoing Quest for a Model of Greek Agriculture, Sociologia Ruralis, 37, 190-208.
[17]	De Baraun, A. and Rozelle, S. (2008), Migration and household investment in rural China, China Economic Review, 19 (2): 320-335.
[18]	Dinis, A. (2006), Marketing and Innovation: Useful Tools for Competitiveness in Rural and Peripheral Areas. European Planning Studies, 14 (1), 9–22.
[19]	Enyedi, G. Y. (1988). Phases of Urbanization/A városnövekedés szakaszai. – Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, p. 115.
[20]	Fay, Ma, and Charlotte O. (2000). Urbanization without growth: a not-so- uncommon phenomenon. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2412.
[21]	Fielding, A. (1998). Counter-urbanization in Western Europe. Progress in Planning, 17: 1-52.
[22]	Findlay, A. M., Short, D., and Stockdale, A. (2000) The labour-market impact of migration to rural areas. Applied Geography 20, 333-348.
[23]	Fink, M., Lang, R., and Kepler, J. (2017). Social Entrepreneurship in Marginalised Rural Europe: Towards Evidence-Based Policy for Enhanced Social Innovation, In-depth, Regions Magazine, 306, issue 1 Summer.
[24]	Gkartzios, M., Garrod, G., and Remoundou, K. (2013). 'Going rural': Counter-urbanization in times of crisis, Research Project 2013, John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation.
[25]	Gkartzios M. (2013) 'Leaving Athens': narratives of counter urbanisation in times of crisis, Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 158-167.
[26]	Grimsrud, G. M. (2011). How well does the 'counter-urbanization story'travel to other countries? The case of Norway, Population, Space, and Place, 17, 642- 655.
[27]	Guo, M., Aranda, M., and Silverstein, M. (2009). The impact of out-migration on the inter-generation support and psychological well-being of older adults in rural China, Ageing & Society, 29: 1085-1104.
[28]	Halliday, J. and Commbes, M. (1995) In search of counterurbanisation: some evidence from Devon on the relationship between patterns of migration and motivation. Journal of Rural Studies, 11. 4. pp. 433-446.
[29]	Halliday, J. and Commbes, M. (1998). Counter-urbanization and Social Class, in P. Boyle and K. Halfacree (eds.). Migration into Rural Areas, Theories, and Issues. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
[30]	Halfacree, K. and Rivera, M. J. (2012). Moving to the Countryside and Staying: Live beyond Representation, Sociologia Ruralis 52 (1), pp. 92-114.
[31]	Halfacree, K. (2008) To Revitalise Counterurbanisation Research? Recognizing an International and Fuller Picture, Population, Space and Place, 14, 479-495.
[32]	Harris, J. R., M. P. Todaro (1970). Migration, Unemployment & Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. American Economic Review, 60 (1): 126–42.
[33]	Held, D. (2016). Climate Change, Migration and the Cosmopolitan dilemma. Global Policy, 7 (2), 237-246.
[34]	Herslund, L. and H. Tanvig (2012). When LifeStyle Entrepreneurs Establish Micro-Business in Rural Areas- The Case of Women in Danish Countryside, Rural Development -Contemporary Issues and Practices, Rashid Solagberu Adisa (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953--51-0461-2, InTech.
[35]	Hosszu, S. (2009). Counter urbanization: A literature study. Danish Institute of Rural Research and Development (IFUL) IFUL WORKING PAPER 6/2009 ISBN 978-87-91304-39-2.
[36]	Ibrahim, A. A. K., Yakubu, A. A., and Alhaji, A. S. (2014). Impact of youth rural-urban migration on household economy and crop production: A case study of Sokoto metropolitan areas, Sokoto State, North-Western Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Vol. 6 (4), pp. 122-131, DOI: 10.5897/JAERD2013.0547.
[37]	Ibrahim, O. R. (2014). Conception and Misconception of the Tourism Industry in Nigeria, Regions, No. 294, Issue 2.
[38]	Ibrahim, O. R and I. Nwokoro (2012). New Options for Rural Development in Nigeria. Urban and Regional Planning Review, Vol. 3 (No. 1&2), Pp. 18-35.
[39]	International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (2020). Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/about-iisd/sustainable-development.
[40]	Jensen, M. V. – Svendsen, G. L. H. (2007) Rural Migration and Health Care. A Review of the Literature, Danish Institute of Rural Research and Development, Working Paper 2 Pp. 35.
[41]	Jones, R. E., Fly, J. M., Talley, J., and Cordell, H. K. (2003) Green Migration into Rural America: the New Frontier of Environmentalism? Society and Natural Resources 16, 221-238.
[42]	Kasimis, C. and Zografakis S. (2013). The Countryside, Agriculture and the Crisis, in C. Kasimis and S. Zografakis, S (eds.), Back to Agriculture? Quarterly Political and Economic Review: International and European Politics, 13-27.
[43]	Kibler, E. Kautonen, T. and Fink, M. (2014). Regional Social Legitimacy of Entrepreneurship: Implications for Entrepreneurial intension and start-up behaviour, Regional Studies, 48: 6, 995-1015.
[44]	Lacroix, T. (2013). Migration, Rural Development, Poverty, and Food Security: a Comparative Perspective, International Migration Institute University of Oxford.
[45]	Lang, R., Fink, M., and Kibler, E. (2014). Understanding Place-Based Entrepreneurship in Rural Central Europe: A Comparative Institutional Analysis, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 204-27.
[46]	Levitt, P. (1999). Social Remittances: A Local-Level, Migration-Driven Form of Cultural Diffusion. International Migration Review 32 (124): 926-949.
[47]	Liliana, P., Amalia, B. and Mirela, M. (2014). Can Rural Tourism Foster Local Development? Perspectives on the Future of Rural Tourism in Romania. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends 7 (1) 69-8.
[48]	Lucas, R. E. B. (2007). Migration and Rural Development. Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics (eJADE), Vol. 4, No. 1, 2007, Pp. 99-122.
[49]	Löffler, R., Steinicke, E. (2006). Counter urbanization and its Socioeconomic Effects in High Mountain Areas of the Sierra Nevada (California/Nevada). Mountain Research and Development 26. 1. pp. 64-71.
[50]	McDonagh, J. (2012). Rural geography 1: Changing expectations and contradiction in the rural. Progress in Human Geography, 37, (5), pp. 712-720.
[51]	McNeely, J. A.; Redford, K. H., and Carter, A. S. (2005) A Taxonomy of Support: How and Why New Constituencies are supporting Protected Areas. In McNeely, J. A. (Ed.) Friends for Life: New Partners in Support of Protected Areas. Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, IUCN.
[52]	Meccheri, N. and Pelloni, G. (2006). Rural Entrepreneurs and Institutional Assistance: An Empirical Study from Mountainous Italy, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 18, No. 5, Taylor and Francis, Pp. 371-392.
[53]	Mensah, J. and Casadevall, S. R. (2019) Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review, Cogent Social Sciences, 5: 1, DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2019.16535.
[54]	Merican A. R., Ruzian, M. and A. Azrol, A. (2014). Homestay Industries: Surviving the Legal Challenges, Pertanika. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 22, 309-328, (2014).
[55]	Milbourne, P. (2007). Re-populating Rural Studies: Migrations, Movements, and Mobilities, Journal of Rural Studies 23, 381-386.
[56]	Milman, A. and Pizam, A. (1988). Social Impacts of Tourism on Central Florida, Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 2 191-2014.
[57]	Mitchell, C. J. A. (2008). Counter-urbanization and the Growth of Canada's Rural and Small Town Municipalities: 1996-2001. Canadian Journal of Regional Science XXXI: 1 (Spring), 117-132.
[58]	Mitchell, C., T. Bunting and M. Picionni. (2004). Visual Artists: Counter-urbanites at Work in the Canadian Countryside? The Canadian Geographer, 48: 152-166.
[59]	Nemes, G. (2005). Integrated Rural Development: The Concept and its Operation. Discussion Papers of the Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academic of Sciences.
[60]	Ni Laoire, C. (2007). The 'green of home'? Return migration to rural Ireland, Journal of Rural Studies, 23, 332-344.
[61]	Norhafiza, M. D. S., and Lonik, K. A. T. (2014). Entrepreneurship as a Catalyst for Rural Tourism Development, SHSWeb of Conferences12/01087 http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201087. Accessed on 3/ 07/ 2017.
[62]	Nivalainen, S. (2003). Who Move to Rural Areas? Micro Evidence from Finland. - Paper Presented at the ERSA 2003 Conference, Jy- väskylä, Finland - 2008-09-30.
[63]	OECD. (2006). The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance, Paris: OECD Rural Policy Reviews.
[64]	Olatubara, C. O. (2004). "Population and Urbanization Studies" in Tunde Agbola (ed), Readings in Urban and Regional Planning, Ibadan: Macmillan Nigeria Publishers Limited.
[65]	Paniagua, A. (2002). Counterurbanisation and new social class in rural Spain: the environmental and rural dimension revisited. Scottish Geographical Journal, 118, 1-18.
[66]	Perpar, A. and. Udovc, A. (2011). Development Potentials of Rural Areas- The Case of Slovenia. Contemporary Issues and Practices, 283-308.
[67]	Pearce, D., Markandya A. and Barher E. (1990). Blueprint for a Green Economy. London: Earthsam.
[68]	Petrin, T. And Gannon, A. (1991). Rural Development through Entrepreneurship. FAO, Rome.
[69]	Phillipson, J. and Raley, M. (2002) The Impacts of Foot and Mouth on Non-Farming Businesses, in Phillipson, J., Lowe, P. and Carroll, T. (Eds), Confronting the Rural Shutdown: Foot and Mouth Disease and the North East Rural Economy, Pp. 42- 72. Centre for Rural Economy, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
[70]	Renkow, M. (2003). Employment Growth, Worker Mobility, and Rural Economic Development, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85, 503-513.
[71]	Santic, D., Bosworth, G., Rydzik, A. and McAreavey, R. (2017). Migration, Inter-Connectivity and Regional Development (MICARD), Regions, No. 305, Issue 1.
[72]	Skuras, D., Meccheri, N., Moreira, M. B., Rosell, J., and Stathopoulou, S. (2005) Entrepreneurial Human Capital Accumulation and the Growth Of Rural Businesses: A Four-Country Survey In Mountainous and Lagging Areas of the European Union, Journal of Rural Studies 21, 67-79.
[73]	Smith, D. P., and Holt, L. (2005). 'Lesbian Migrants in the Gentrified Valley' and 'other' Geographies of Rural Gentrification, Journal of Rural Studies, 21, 313-322.
[74]	Spencer, D. (1997). Counterurbanisation and Rural Depopulation Revisited: Landowners, Planners, and the Rural Development Process. Journal of Rural Studies 13. 1. pp. 75-92.
[75]	Stam, E. (2005). The geography of gazelles in the Netherlands, Journal of Economic and Social Geography (TESG), 96, 121–7.
[76]	Stathopoulou, S., Psatopoulos, D., And Skuras, D. (2004) Rural Entrepreneurship In Europe, International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behaviour And Research 10, 404-425.
[77]	Stockdale, A. (2005). Incomers: Offering Economic Potential in Rural England, Journal of Royal Agricultural Society of England 166, 1-5.
[78]	Stockdale, A., Findlay, A. M., and Short, D. (2000). The Repopulation of Rural Scotland: Opportunity and Threat, Journal of Rural Studies 16, 243-257.
[79]	Szilvia, H. (2009). Counterurbanization. A Literature Study. Denmark: Danish Institute of Rural Research and Development.
[80]	Terluin, I. (2001). Rural Regions in the EU: Exploring Difference in Economic Development. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
[81]	Turok, I. (2016). Housing and the Urban Premium. Habitat International. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.019.
[82]	Udo, R. K. (1983). Internal migration and Development in Oguntoyinbo, J. S., Areola, O. O, and Filani, M. (eds). A Geography of Nigerian Development, Heineman Educational Books (Nig) Ltd., Ibadan.
[83]	Urry, J. (1995) A Middle-Class Countryside? In T. Butler and M. Savage (eds.), Social Change and the Middle Classes. London: UCL Press.
[84]	Van Den Berg, L. Drewett, R. – Klaassen, L. H. – Rossi, A. – Vijverberg, C. H. T. (1982) Urban Europe: A Study of Growth and Decline. – A. Wheaton & Co. Ltd., Exeter p. 162.
[85]	Van Dam, F., Heins, S., and Elberson, B. (2002). Lay Discourses of the Rural and Stated and Revealed Preferences for Rural Living. Some Evidence of the Existence of a Rural Idyll in the Netherlands, Journal of Rural Studies, 18; 461- 476.
[86]	Woods, M. (2006). Rural Geography: Processes, Responses, and Experiences in Rural Restructuring, London; Sage Publications Ltd.
[87]	Wu, B. and Yao, S. (2010). "Empty Villages" in Poor Areas of China: A Case Study of Rural Migration in North Shaanxi? Discussion Paper 56, China Policy Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
[88]	Youmatter (2020). Sustainable Development – What Is It? Definition, History, Evolution, importance and Examples. https://youmatter.world/en/
[89]	Yusnita, Y. Shaladdin, M. M., and Aziz, W. A. (2013). Rural Tourism in Malaysia: A Homestay Program, China-USA Business Review, 12, 3, 300-306, (2013).

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon, Oyebanji Toba James. (2021). Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban and Regional Planning, 6(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon; Oyebanji Toba James. Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban Reg. Plan. 2021, 6(1), 47-56. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon, Oyebanji Toba James. Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban Reg Plan. 2021;6(1):47-56. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15,
  author = {Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon and Oyebanji Toba James},
  title = {Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example},
  journal = {Urban and Regional Planning},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47-56},
  doi = {10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.urp.20210601.15},
  abstract = {The sustainable development trajectory of rural areas hinges on the number and quality of human resources and endogenous capital. This requires a new and reformed rural development policy to comprehensively address deficiencies of the local development system, poor human resources, and the lack of legitimate local institutions, weakness of trust and entrepreneurship, as well as making all these issues as part of rural development policy. This paper aims to explore the potential of counter-urbanization as an opportunity for developing rural areas, linked with the entrepreneurship tendencies of the diverse peoples involved in counter-urbanization, the residents of rural areas and the potentials and rural capitals endowments of rural areas. In doing this, the paper also explores the age-long and modern functional relationships between urban and rural areas. In this continuum, urban and rural spaces, networks, socioeconomic activities, and identities were never truly separated, due to later urbanization and industrialization in developing countries. Using a review analysis approach, the paper relies on documentary instruments for data generation, as well as content analysis of generated data. The paper is of the view that whereas, the complex consequences of counter-urbanization, present challenges to policymakers who seek to alleviate poverty, improve rural areas conditions and reduce spatially income inequalities. It is however realized that the potentials of counter-urbanization and the closely related factors of entrepreneurship can greatly enhance rural development in developing countries, like Nigeria. What is required are that local development initiatives must use the resources they have (local knowledge, land, skills and traditions, primary production, natural environmental beauty and social networks), turning or configuring these resources into development resources to unlock their internal development capacity sustainably.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example
AU  - Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon
AU  - Oyebanji Toba James
Y1  - 2021/03/17
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
T2  - Urban and Regional Planning
JF  - Urban and Regional Planning
JO  - Urban and Regional Planning
SP  - 47
EP  - 56
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1697
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
AB  - The sustainable development trajectory of rural areas hinges on the number and quality of human resources and endogenous capital. This requires a new and reformed rural development policy to comprehensively address deficiencies of the local development system, poor human resources, and the lack of legitimate local institutions, weakness of trust and entrepreneurship, as well as making all these issues as part of rural development policy. This paper aims to explore the potential of counter-urbanization as an opportunity for developing rural areas, linked with the entrepreneurship tendencies of the diverse peoples involved in counter-urbanization, the residents of rural areas and the potentials and rural capitals endowments of rural areas. In doing this, the paper also explores the age-long and modern functional relationships between urban and rural areas. In this continuum, urban and rural spaces, networks, socioeconomic activities, and identities were never truly separated, due to later urbanization and industrialization in developing countries. Using a review analysis approach, the paper relies on documentary instruments for data generation, as well as content analysis of generated data. The paper is of the view that whereas, the complex consequences of counter-urbanization, present challenges to policymakers who seek to alleviate poverty, improve rural areas conditions and reduce spatially income inequalities. It is however realized that the potentials of counter-urbanization and the closely related factors of entrepreneurship can greatly enhance rural development in developing countries, like Nigeria. What is required are that local development initiatives must use the resources they have (local knowledge, land, skills and traditions, primary production, natural environmental beauty and social networks), turning or configuring these resources into development resources to unlock their internal development capacity sustainably.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria
Oyebanji Toba James

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon, Oyebanji Toba James. (2021). Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban and Regional Planning, 6(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon; Oyebanji Toba James. Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban Reg. Plan. 2021, 6(1), 47-56. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon, Oyebanji Toba James. Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban Reg Plan. 2021;6(1):47-56. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15,
  author = {Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon and Oyebanji Toba James},
  title = {Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example},
  journal = {Urban and Regional Planning},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47-56},
  doi = {10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.urp.20210601.15},
  abstract = {The sustainable development trajectory of rural areas hinges on the number and quality of human resources and endogenous capital. This requires a new and reformed rural development policy to comprehensively address deficiencies of the local development system, poor human resources, and the lack of legitimate local institutions, weakness of trust and entrepreneurship, as well as making all these issues as part of rural development policy. This paper aims to explore the potential of counter-urbanization as an opportunity for developing rural areas, linked with the entrepreneurship tendencies of the diverse peoples involved in counter-urbanization, the residents of rural areas and the potentials and rural capitals endowments of rural areas. In doing this, the paper also explores the age-long and modern functional relationships between urban and rural areas. In this continuum, urban and rural spaces, networks, socioeconomic activities, and identities were never truly separated, due to later urbanization and industrialization in developing countries. Using a review analysis approach, the paper relies on documentary instruments for data generation, as well as content analysis of generated data. The paper is of the view that whereas, the complex consequences of counter-urbanization, present challenges to policymakers who seek to alleviate poverty, improve rural areas conditions and reduce spatially income inequalities. It is however realized that the potentials of counter-urbanization and the closely related factors of entrepreneurship can greatly enhance rural development in developing countries, like Nigeria. What is required are that local development initiatives must use the resources they have (local knowledge, land, skills and traditions, primary production, natural environmental beauty and social networks), turning or configuring these resources into development resources to unlock their internal development capacity sustainably.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Counter-urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example
AU  - Ibrahim Oladayo Ramon
AU  - Oyebanji Toba James
Y1  - 2021/03/17
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
T2  - Urban and Regional Planning
JF  - Urban and Regional Planning
JO  - Urban and Regional Planning
SP  - 47
EP  - 56
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1697
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
AB  - The sustainable development trajectory of rural areas hinges on the number and quality of human resources and endogenous capital. This requires a new and reformed rural development policy to comprehensively address deficiencies of the local development system, poor human resources, and the lack of legitimate local institutions, weakness of trust and entrepreneurship, as well as making all these issues as part of rural development policy. This paper aims to explore the potential of counter-urbanization as an opportunity for developing rural areas, linked with the entrepreneurship tendencies of the diverse peoples involved in counter-urbanization, the residents of rural areas and the potentials and rural capitals endowments of rural areas. In doing this, the paper also explores the age-long and modern functional relationships between urban and rural areas. In this continuum, urban and rural spaces, networks, socioeconomic activities, and identities were never truly separated, due to later urbanization and industrialization in developing countries. Using a review analysis approach, the paper relies on documentary instruments for data generation, as well as content analysis of generated data. The paper is of the view that whereas, the complex consequences of counter-urbanization, present challenges to policymakers who seek to alleviate poverty, improve rural areas conditions and reduce spatially income inequalities. It is however realized that the potentials of counter-urbanization and the closely related factors of entrepreneurship can greatly enhance rural development in developing countries, like Nigeria. What is required are that local development initiatives must use the resources they have (local knowledge, land, skills and traditions, primary production, natural environmental beauty and social networks), turning or configuring these resources into development resources to unlock their internal development capacity sustainably.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download