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Mind and Psyche as Roots of History

Received: 15 May 2025     Accepted: 3 June 2025     Published: 26 June 2025
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Abstract

The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good memory that allows knowledge, forms of reasoning present in chimpanzees. However, the human brain is three and a half times larger than his, hence the broad knowledge and rich language, and it is a brain capable of specializing in practical but also abstract and spiritual activities. All this constitutes a completely new interactive chain in the relationship between species and environment, because man knows how to adapt reality to his needs thanks to a completely new faculty: creativity, the spark of history. Psyche - I start from the Primitive Horde hypothesized by Freud in Totem and Taboo, and I follow Darwin to identify the Origin of Man however in his psychic and social heritage, a heritage that, we will see, has an enormous weight in societies, in history and life of people. Ideas and motivations are distinguished, among these the trust or security that each one seeks in the context in which he lives but following archaic feelings inherited from animals such as property and rank. It should be considered that the last genetic social structure in which the sapiens lived, and in which their best feelings were formed, is the tribe or multi-family community. This community no longer exists and has eclipsed its essential character of being a face-to-face group, or group in which everyone knows each other. Its disappearance, which occurred since the first civilizations, marks the beginning of history.

Published in Social Sciences (Volume 14, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11
Page(s) 295-305
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Mental Faculties, Creativity, Horde Primitives, Trust and Protection, Property, Rank, Face to Face Groups

References
[1] Altmann, S. A., and J. Altamann 1970. “Baboon ecology: African field research” S. Karger, Basel.
[2] Bani, Roberto - “Evolution by increase of bonds / An interpretative model of sociality in mammals”. Proceedings of the Tuscan Society of Natural Sciences - Pisa, April 1987.
[3] Bani, Roberto – 2025a – “ Psyche and Society” Edistella edition.
[4] Bani, Roberto – 2025b – “ Cosmic Thinking” Edistella edition.
[5] Bani, Roberto – 2025c – “Theory of History and Discomfort of Civilization” article in Science PG - Social Sciences
[6] Bani, Roberto - 2024 – “Historical Framework of Civilizations” article in SN Social Sciences
[7] Chance, MRA, and CJ Jolly - 1970 “Social groups of monkeys, apes and men” It. trans., 1972, “La vita sociale delle scimmie: gruppi sociali di scimmie, antropoidi e uomini” Garzanti Editore, Milan.
[8] Darwin, Charles - 1859 “The Origin of Species ” Italian translation, 1864 “L'origine delle specie” Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna - anastatic reprint by Fabbri Editor, Milan.
[9] Darwin, Charles - 1871 “ The descendant of man, and selection in relation to sex” Trans. it., 1972, “ L'origine dell'uomo e la selezione sessuale ”. Newton Compton editors, Rome.
[10] Eibl- Eibesfeldt, Irenaus - 1967 Grundriss der vergleichenden Verhaltensforschung Ethologie. It. trans., 1976, 'The foundations of ethology'. Adelphi editions, Milan.
[11] Erikson, Erik H. - “Childhood and Society” Italian translation 1966 “ Infanzia e società ” A. Armando Editore, Rome.
[12] Etkin, W. - 1964 “Types of social organization in birds and mammals” In W. Etkin, editor, “Social behavior and organization among vertebrates”. University of Chicago press, Chicago: 256-298.
[13] Ewer, R. F. – 1973 “The carnivores” Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
[14] Freud, Sigmund - 1913 “Totem und taboo” trad. it 1973 “Totem e tabù ” Aldo Garzanti Publisher, Milan.
[15] Harlow, Harry F. McGaugh, James L. Thompson, Richard F. “Psychology” trad. it 1973 “La psicologia come scienza del comportamento”. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan.
[16] Hassrick, Royal B. - 1964 “The Sioux. Life and Customs of a Warrior Society” Italian translation 1983 “I Sioux. Vita e costumi di un popolo guerriero” U. Mursia Editore, Milan.
[17] Lorenz, Konrad “ Ethology ” Italian translation 1980, Boringhieri, Turin.
[18] Pirzio Biroli, Detalmo - 1978 “Black Africa” Laterza Editori, Rome.
[19] Peters, Roger – 1979 “Mental maps in wolf territoriality” in Erich Klinghammer, editor. “The behavior and ecology of wolves”. Garland STPM Press, New York.
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    Bani, R. (2025). Mind and Psyche as Roots of History. Social Sciences, 14(4), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11

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    Bani, R. Mind and Psyche as Roots of History. Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(4), 295-305. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11

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    Bani R. Mind and Psyche as Roots of History. Soc Sci. 2025;14(4):295-305. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11,
      author = {Roberto Bani},
      title = {Mind and Psyche as Roots of History},
      journal = {Social Sciences},
      volume = {14},
      number = {4},
      pages = {295-305},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251404.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20251404.11},
      abstract = {The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good memory that allows knowledge, forms of reasoning present in chimpanzees. However, the human brain is three and a half times larger than his, hence the broad knowledge and rich language, and it is a brain capable of specializing in practical but also abstract and spiritual activities. All this constitutes a completely new interactive chain in the relationship between species and environment, because man knows how to adapt reality to his needs thanks to a completely new faculty: creativity, the spark of history. Psyche - I start from the Primitive Horde hypothesized by Freud in Totem and Taboo, and I follow Darwin to identify the Origin of Man however in his psychic and social heritage, a heritage that, we will see, has an enormous weight in societies, in history and life of people. Ideas and motivations are distinguished, among these the trust or security that each one seeks in the context in which he lives but following archaic feelings inherited from animals such as property and rank. It should be considered that the last genetic social structure in which the sapiens lived, and in which their best feelings were formed, is the tribe or multi-family community. This community no longer exists and has eclipsed its essential character of being a face-to-face group, or group in which everyone knows each other. Its disappearance, which occurred since the first civilizations, marks the beginning of history.},
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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    AB  - The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good memory that allows knowledge, forms of reasoning present in chimpanzees. However, the human brain is three and a half times larger than his, hence the broad knowledge and rich language, and it is a brain capable of specializing in practical but also abstract and spiritual activities. All this constitutes a completely new interactive chain in the relationship between species and environment, because man knows how to adapt reality to his needs thanks to a completely new faculty: creativity, the spark of history. Psyche - I start from the Primitive Horde hypothesized by Freud in Totem and Taboo, and I follow Darwin to identify the Origin of Man however in his psychic and social heritage, a heritage that, we will see, has an enormous weight in societies, in history and life of people. Ideas and motivations are distinguished, among these the trust or security that each one seeks in the context in which he lives but following archaic feelings inherited from animals such as property and rank. It should be considered that the last genetic social structure in which the sapiens lived, and in which their best feelings were formed, is the tribe or multi-family community. This community no longer exists and has eclipsed its essential character of being a face-to-face group, or group in which everyone knows each other. Its disappearance, which occurred since the first civilizations, marks the beginning of history.
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