While interlocking directorates have been misused in Corporate America for decades, traditionally this misuse is in violation of the various antitrust act legislations. Since corporate collusion generally occurs between companies in common industries, and most often involves price fixing or manipulating supply of a product to yield greater pricing and profits, these antitrust violations are often a foregone conclusion. This case study analyzes a type of corporate collusion through interlocking directorates that is far more ominous, exploring the power of interlocking directorates and demonstrating how they may have been misused to manipulate foreign policy and military strategies, and in this case study, how the petroleum and defense industries may have benefitted from these actions.
Published in | Social Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 3) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13 |
Page(s) | 112-127 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Interlocking Directorates, Corporate Collusion, Antitrust, Petroleum Industry, Defense Industry
[1] | Aldrich, H. E. (1979). Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. |
[2] | Aldrich, H. E., and Pfeffer, J. (1976). Environments of Organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 79-105. |
[3] | Associated Press. (1998, December 1). Exxon, Mobil Confirm Merger. Associated Press. |
[4] | BBC News. (2007, Oct 8). Iraq urges Blackwater prosecution. Retrieved January 20, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7033048.stm |
[5] | Bearden, J., and Mintz, B. (1985). Regionality and Integration in the United States Interlock Network. In F. Stokman, R. Ziegler and J. Scott (Eds.), Networks of Corporate Power (pp. 234-249). New York: Blackwell. |
[6] | Bell, D. (1976 (1973)). The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books. |
[7] | Berger, J. (2007). "There is tragedy on both sides of the layoffs": Privatization and the Urban Crisis in Baltimore. International Labor and Working-Class History, 71(Spring), 29-49. |
[8] | Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley. |
[9] | Brady, D., and Wallace, M. (2001). Deindustrialization and Poverty: Manufacturing Decline and AFDC Recipiency in Lake County, Indiana 1964-93. Sociological Forum, 16(2), 321-358. |
[10] | Brice, A. (2008, September 22). Ups and downs. ICIS Chemical Business. |
[11] | Burris, V. (2005). Interlocking Directorates and Political Cohesion among Corporate Elites. American Journal of Sociology, 111(1), 249-283. |
[12] | Burt, R. S. (1980). Cooptive Corporate Action Networks: A Reconsideration of Interlocking Directorates Involving American Manufacturing. Administrative Science Quarterly(25), 557-582. |
[13] | Burt, R. S., Christman, K. P., and Harold C. Kilburn, J. (1980). Testing a Structural Theory of Corporate Cooptation: Interorganizational Directorate Ties as a Strategy for Avoiding Market Constraints on Projects. American Sociological Review(45), 821-841. |
[14] | Caplow, T. (1964). Principles of Organization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. |
[15] | Carter, J. (1980). State of the Union Address. |
[16] | CNN. (2008, July 18). Energy crisis threatens U.S. survival, Gore says. Retrieved September 28, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/17/gore.energy/index.html |
[17] | CNN. (2009, January 29). Iraq denies Blackwater an operating license. Retrieved January 29, 2009, from http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/29/iraq.blackwater/index.html |
[18] | Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who governs? Democracy and Power in an American city. New Haven: Yale University Press. |
[19] | Dao, J. (2004, April 3). Paramilitary services take off in U.S. International Herald Tribune. |
[20] | Domhoff, G. W. (1967). Who Rules America? (1st ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. |
[21] | Domhoff, G. W. (1987). In G. W. Domhoff and T. R. Dye (Eds.), Power Elites and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. |
[22] | Domhoff, G. W. (2002). Who Rules America? Power, Politics, and Social Change (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. |
[23] | Domhoff, G. W. (2005). Interlocking Directorates in the Corporate Community. Retrieved September 10, 2007, from http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/corporate_community.html |
[24] | Durkheim, E. (1997 (1893)). The Division of Labour in Society. New York: The Free Press. |
[25] | Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-Dependence Relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 31-41. |
[26] | Fenno, R. F. (1978). Home Style: House Members in their Districts. Boston: Little, Brown. |
[27] | Goodman, A., and Scahill, J. (1998, November 16). Drilling and Killing. The Nation. |
[28] | Gramsci, A. (1996). Prison Notebooks (Vol. I-II). New York: Columbia University Press. |
[29] | Habermas, J. (1975). Legitimation Crisis (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston: Beacon Press. |
[30] | Hawdon, James E. (1996). Emerging Organizational Forms: The Proliferation of Intergovernmental Organizations in the Modern World System. Greenwood Publishing Group. |
[31] | Haija, R. M., Wimberley, D. W., and King, R. C. (2008). Corporate Allies Divided: The Dearth of Corporate Interlocks between U.S. and European Firms, Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting. Richmond, VA. |
[32] | Hall, R. H. (2002). Organizations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. |
[33] | Hall, R. H., and Tolbert, P. S. (2005). Organizations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. |
[34] | Harris, J. (2005). The Military-Industrial Complex in Transnational Class Theory. In R. P. Appelbaum and W. I. Robinson (Eds.), Critical globalization studies, edited by R. P. Appelbaum and W. I. Robinson (pp. 141-151). New York: Routledge. |
[35] | Haunschild, P. R., and Miner, A. S. (1997). Modes of Interorganizational Imitation: The Effects of Outcome Salience and Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly 42(3), 472 - 500. |
[36] | Heracleous, L., and Murray, J. (2001). Networks, Interlocking Directors and Strategy: Toward a Theoretical Framework. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 18(2), 137-160. |
[37] | Jessop, B. (2002). The Future of the Capitalist state. Cambridge: Polity Press. |
[38] | Johnson, C. (2006). Nemisis: The Last Days of the American Republican. New York: Metropolitan Books. |
[39] | Johnson, C. H. (2002). Introduction: De-Industrialization and Globalization. Introduction: De-Industrialization and Globalization, 47(Dec), 3-33. |
[40] | Juhasz, A. (2006). The Bush Agenda: Invading the World, One Economy at a Time. New York: HarperCollins. |
[41] | Kennedy, P. (1987). The rise and fall of the great powers: Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House. |
[42] | Mann, M. (1986). The sources of social power: A history of power from the beginning to A.D. 1760 (Vol. 1). New York: Cambridge University Press. |
[43] | Mann, M. (1988). The Amplification of State Power, University of Virginia, Department of Sociology Colloquium Series. Charlottsville, VA. |
[44] | Marx, K. (1999 (1887)). Capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
[45] | Marx, K. (2008 (1847)). The Poverty of Philosophy. New York: Cosimo Classics. |
[46] | Marx, K. (1932 [1959]). Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (A. Blunden, Trans.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. |
[47] | Marx, K., and Engels, F. (1998 (1848)). The Communist Manifesto. New York: Penguin Group. |
[48] | Merton, R. K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. |
[49] | Miliband, R. (1969). The State in Capitalist Society: Quartet Books. |
[50] | Mills, C. W. (1956). The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford UP. |
[51] | Mizruchi, M. S., and Koenig, T. (1986). Economic Sources of Corporate Political Consenses: An Examination of Interindustry Relations American Sociological Review 51, 482-491. |
[52] | Odell, P. R. (1979). Oil and World Power. New York: Penguin Books. |
[53] | Offe, C. (1974). Structural Problems of the Capitalist State. Class Rule and the Political System. On the Selectiveness of Political Institutions. German Political Studies, 1, 31 - 57. |
[54] | Parsons, T. (1960). Stucture and Process in Modern Society. New York: The Free Press. |
[55] | PBS.(1998). Slick Deal?, NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. |
[56] | Pelton, R. Y. (2006). Licensed to Kill: Hired Guns in the War on Terror. New York: Crown Publishers. |
[57] | Pennings, J. M. (1980). Interlocking Directorates: Origins and Consequences of Connections among Organizations' Board of Directors. New York: Jossey-Bass. |
[58] | Perkins, J. (2004). Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. |
[59] | Perrow, C. B. (1986). Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. |
[60] | Pfeffer, J., and Salancik, G. R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row |
[61] | Poggi, G. (1978). The Development of the Modern state: A Sociological Introduction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. |
[62] | Polsby, N. W. (1980). Community Power and Political Theory (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. |
[63] | Poulantzas, N. (1975). Political Power and Social Classes: Verso. |
[64] | Reuters. (2008, January 31). Shell's Record Profit is a Thumb in the Eye of Recession-Wracked Nation, Says Group. Thomson Reuters. |
[65] | Richardson, R. J. (1987). Directorship Interlocks and Corporate Profitability. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(3), 367-386. |
[66] | Ross, R., and Trachte, K. (1990). Global Capitalism: The New Leviathan. Albany: SUNY Press. |
[67] | Rothe, D. (2006). Iraq and Halliburton. In R. J. Michalowski and R. C. Kramer (Eds.), State-Corporate Crime: Wrongdoing at the Intersection of Business and Government. New Brunswick: Rutgers University. |
[68] | Schoorman, F. D., Bazerman, M. H., and Atkin, R. S. (1981). Interlocking Directorates: A Strategy for Reducing Environmental Uncertainty. Academy of Management Review, 6(2), 243-251. |
[69] | Strauss, G. (2002, November 5th). Good old boys' network still rules corporate boards USA Today. |
[70] | Sullivan, K. (2007, January 23). Views on U.S. Drop Sharply in Worldwide Opinion Poll. Washington Post. |
[71] | Tonnies, F. (2002 (1887)). Community and Service: Dover Publications. |
[72] | Wright, E. O. (1996). Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis: Cambridge University Press. |
[73] | Weber, M. (1968 (1922)). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (E. Fischoff, Trans.). New York: Bedminster Press. |
[74] | Weber, M. (1919). Politics as a Vocation, Munich University. Munich, Germany. |
[75] | Weinstein, M. A. (2004). U.S. Troop Redeployment: Rational Adjustment to an Altered Threat Environment: Power and Interest News Report. |
[76] | Yergin, D. (1993). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. In. New York: Free Press. |
APA Style
Rammy Haija. (2013). Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach. Social Sciences, 2(3), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13
ACS Style
Rammy Haija. Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach. Soc. Sci. 2013, 2(3), 112-127. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13
AMA Style
Rammy Haija. Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach. Soc Sci. 2013;2(3):112-127. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13
@article{10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13, author = {Rammy Haija}, title = {Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach}, journal = {Social Sciences}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {112-127}, doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20130203.13}, abstract = {While interlocking directorates have been misused in Corporate America for decades, traditionally this misuse is in violation of the various antitrust act legislations. Since corporate collusion generally occurs between companies in common industries, and most often involves price fixing or manipulating supply of a product to yield greater pricing and profits, these antitrust violations are often a foregone conclusion. This case study analyzes a type of corporate collusion through interlocking directorates that is far more ominous, exploring the power of interlocking directorates and demonstrating how they may have been misused to manipulate foreign policy and military strategies, and in this case study, how the petroleum and defense industries may have benefitted from these actions.}, year = {2013} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach AU - Rammy Haija Y1 - 2013/06/30 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13 T2 - Social Sciences JF - Social Sciences JO - Social Sciences SP - 112 EP - 127 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2326-988X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13 AB - While interlocking directorates have been misused in Corporate America for decades, traditionally this misuse is in violation of the various antitrust act legislations. Since corporate collusion generally occurs between companies in common industries, and most often involves price fixing or manipulating supply of a product to yield greater pricing and profits, these antitrust violations are often a foregone conclusion. This case study analyzes a type of corporate collusion through interlocking directorates that is far more ominous, exploring the power of interlocking directorates and demonstrating how they may have been misused to manipulate foreign policy and military strategies, and in this case study, how the petroleum and defense industries may have benefitted from these actions. VL - 2 IS - 3 ER -