Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe; Nabil Idris; Djene Keita; Kieran Ita Ekpenyong; Momoh Audu Yakubu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 25 July 2019 Accepted: 20 August 2019 Published: 13 February 2020

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Abstract

Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH₄Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
Page(s)	18-28
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fatty Acids, Fatty Amides, Fatty Esters, Green Process, Synthetic Method, Gas Chromatogram, Mass Spectra

References

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APA Style

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu. (2020). Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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ACS Style

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe; Nabil Idris; Djene Keita; Kieran Ita Ekpenyong; Momoh Audu Yakubu. Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(1), 18-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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AMA Style

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu. Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(1):18-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14,
  author = {Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe and Nabil Idris and Djene Keita and Kieran Ita Ekpenyong and Momoh Audu Yakubu},
  title = {Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18-28},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200801.14},
  abstract = {Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process
AU  - Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe
AU  - Nabil Idris
AU  - Djene Keita
AU  - Kieran Ita Ekpenyong
AU  - Momoh Audu Yakubu
Y1  - 2020/02/13
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 18
EP  - 28
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
AB  - Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe

Science Laboratory Technology Department, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria
Nabil Idris

Chemistry Department, Howard University, Washington DC, The United States
Djene Keita

Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, The United States
Kieran Ita Ekpenyong

Chemistry Department, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Momoh Audu Yakubu

Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, The United States

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu. (2020). Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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ACS Style

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe; Nabil Idris; Djene Keita; Kieran Ita Ekpenyong; Momoh Audu Yakubu. Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(1), 18-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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AMA Style

Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu. Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(1):18-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14,
  author = {Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe and Nabil Idris and Djene Keita and Kieran Ita Ekpenyong and Momoh Audu Yakubu},
  title = {Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18-28},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200801.14},
  abstract = {Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process
AU  - Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe
AU  - Nabil Idris
AU  - Djene Keita
AU  - Kieran Ita Ekpenyong
AU  - Momoh Audu Yakubu
Y1  - 2020/02/13
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 18
EP  - 28
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
AB  - Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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