Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters

Ubaid Ullah Khan; Shafqat Munir; Abid Ali Khan; Muhammad Anwar Khan; Zafar Ali Sha

doi:doi:10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

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Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters

Ubaid Ullah Khan^*

, Shafqat Munir

, Abid Ali Khan

, Muhammad Anwar Khan

, Zafar Ali Sha

Published in Science Futures (Volume 2, Issue 1)

Received: 13 November 2025 Accepted: 25 November 2025 Published: 26 December 2025

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Abstract

This researches the dose–response efficacy of two lignocellulosic coagulants (sawdust and rice husk) in comparison with ferric chloride for textile and tannery wastewaters treatment. The jar tests were conducted using six different doses of the coagulants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams per 250 milliliters of wastewater) following a completely randomized factorial design, with each test repeated three times to ensure reliable results. The efficiency of the coagulants was evaluated based on several types of key parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and extracts concentration into chloride, phosphate and to cadmium had been measured. The data demonstrated the influence of the coagulant type and dose on almost all parameters, as well as multiple wastewater × coagulant interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05). In general, sawdust proved to be better than rice husk and ferric chloride when applied for all physico-chemical properties and pollutant removal excepting pH adjustment, the turbidity, reduction in solids and cadmium removal^^. The maximum doses, especially 10 g, gave the highest enhancements for both wastewater kinds. The results demonstrate that lignocellulosic coagulants, especially sawdust, are feasible and economical substitutes for the conventional inorganic metal salts as primary treatment agents to textile and tannery industries which are confronted with increasing environmental demand. Importantly, the research indicates possible application of agricultural waste by-products by large water treatment industries.

Published in	Science Futures (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
Page(s)	45-58
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lignocellulosic Coagulants, Sawdust, Rice husk, Textile Wastewater, Tannery Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment Optimization

References

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APA Style

Khan, U. U., Munir, S., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. A., Sha, Z. A. (2025). Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters. Science Futures, 2(1), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

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ACS Style

Khan, U. U.; Munir, S.; Khan, A. A.; Khan, M. A.; Sha, Z. A. Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters. Sci. Futures 2025, 2(1), 45-58. doi: 10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

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AMA Style

Khan UU, Munir S, Khan AA, Khan MA, Sha ZA. Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters. Sci Futures. 2025;2(1):45-58. doi: 10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

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@article{10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14,
  author = {Ubaid Ullah Khan and Shafqat Munir and Abid Ali Khan and Muhammad Anwar Khan and Zafar Ali Sha},
  title = {Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters},
  journal = {Science Futures},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.scif.20260201.14},
  abstract = {This researches the dose–response efficacy of two lignocellulosic coagulants (sawdust and rice husk) in comparison with ferric chloride for textile and tannery wastewaters treatment. The jar tests were conducted using six different doses of the coagulants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams per 250 milliliters of wastewater) following a completely randomized factorial design, with each test repeated three times to ensure reliable results. The efficiency of the coagulants was evaluated based on several types of key parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and extracts concentration into chloride, phosphate and to cadmium had been measured. The data demonstrated the influence of the coagulant type and dose on almost all parameters, as well as multiple wastewater × coagulant interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05). In general, sawdust proved to be better than rice husk and ferric chloride when applied for all physico-chemical properties and pollutant removal excepting pH adjustment, the turbidity, reduction in solids and cadmium removal^^. The maximum doses, especially 10 g, gave the highest enhancements for both wastewater kinds. The results demonstrate that lignocellulosic coagulants, especially sawdust, are feasible and economical substitutes for the conventional inorganic metal salts as primary treatment agents to textile and tannery industries which are confronted with increasing environmental demand. Importantly, the research indicates possible application of agricultural waste by-products by large water treatment industries.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters
AU  - Ubaid Ullah Khan
AU  - Shafqat Munir
AU  - Abid Ali Khan
AU  - Muhammad Anwar Khan
AU  - Zafar Ali Sha
Y1  - 2025/12/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
T2  - Science Futures
JF  - Science Futures
JO  - Science Futures
SP  - 45
EP  - 58
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
AB  - This researches the dose–response efficacy of two lignocellulosic coagulants (sawdust and rice husk) in comparison with ferric chloride for textile and tannery wastewaters treatment. The jar tests were conducted using six different doses of the coagulants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams per 250 milliliters of wastewater) following a completely randomized factorial design, with each test repeated three times to ensure reliable results. The efficiency of the coagulants was evaluated based on several types of key parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and extracts concentration into chloride, phosphate and to cadmium had been measured. The data demonstrated the influence of the coagulant type and dose on almost all parameters, as well as multiple wastewater × coagulant interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05). In general, sawdust proved to be better than rice husk and ferric chloride when applied for all physico-chemical properties and pollutant removal excepting pH adjustment, the turbidity, reduction in solids and cadmium removal^^. The maximum doses, especially 10 g, gave the highest enhancements for both wastewater kinds. The results demonstrate that lignocellulosic coagulants, especially sawdust, are feasible and economical substitutes for the conventional inorganic metal salts as primary treatment agents to textile and tannery industries which are confronted with increasing environmental demand. Importantly, the research indicates possible application of agricultural waste by-products by large water treatment industries.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ubaid Ullah Khan

Department of Chemical Science, University of Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5243-1493
Shafqat Munir

Department of Chemistry, Minhaj University, Lahore Punjab, Pakistan

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0006-5428-9630
Abid Ali Khan

Department of Chemical Science, University of Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7715-1040
Muhammad Anwar Khan

Department of Chemical Science, University of Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4700-8379
Zafar Ali Sha

Department of Agricultural Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5239-0309

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Khan, U. U., Munir, S., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. A., Sha, Z. A. (2025). Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters. Science Futures, 2(1), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

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ACS Style

Khan, U. U.; Munir, S.; Khan, A. A.; Khan, M. A.; Sha, Z. A. Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters. Sci. Futures 2025, 2(1), 45-58. doi: 10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

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AMA Style

Khan UU, Munir S, Khan AA, Khan MA, Sha ZA. Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters. Sci Futures. 2025;2(1):45-58. doi: 10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14,
  author = {Ubaid Ullah Khan and Shafqat Munir and Abid Ali Khan and Muhammad Anwar Khan and Zafar Ali Sha},
  title = {Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters},
  journal = {Science Futures},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.scif.20260201.14},
  abstract = {This researches the dose–response efficacy of two lignocellulosic coagulants (sawdust and rice husk) in comparison with ferric chloride for textile and tannery wastewaters treatment. The jar tests were conducted using six different doses of the coagulants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams per 250 milliliters of wastewater) following a completely randomized factorial design, with each test repeated three times to ensure reliable results. The efficiency of the coagulants was evaluated based on several types of key parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and extracts concentration into chloride, phosphate and to cadmium had been measured. The data demonstrated the influence of the coagulant type and dose on almost all parameters, as well as multiple wastewater × coagulant interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05). In general, sawdust proved to be better than rice husk and ferric chloride when applied for all physico-chemical properties and pollutant removal excepting pH adjustment, the turbidity, reduction in solids and cadmium removal^^. The maximum doses, especially 10 g, gave the highest enhancements for both wastewater kinds. The results demonstrate that lignocellulosic coagulants, especially sawdust, are feasible and economical substitutes for the conventional inorganic metal salts as primary treatment agents to textile and tannery industries which are confronted with increasing environmental demand. Importantly, the research indicates possible application of agricultural waste by-products by large water treatment industries.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Dose-Optimized Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Coagulants and Ferric Chloride for Primary Treatment of Textile and Tannery Wastewaters
AU  - Ubaid Ullah Khan
AU  - Shafqat Munir
AU  - Abid Ali Khan
AU  - Muhammad Anwar Khan
AU  - Zafar Ali Sha
Y1  - 2025/12/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
T2  - Science Futures
JF  - Science Futures
JO  - Science Futures
SP  - 45
EP  - 58
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.scif.20260201.14
AB  - This researches the dose–response efficacy of two lignocellulosic coagulants (sawdust and rice husk) in comparison with ferric chloride for textile and tannery wastewaters treatment. The jar tests were conducted using six different doses of the coagulants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams per 250 milliliters of wastewater) following a completely randomized factorial design, with each test repeated three times to ensure reliable results. The efficiency of the coagulants was evaluated based on several types of key parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and extracts concentration into chloride, phosphate and to cadmium had been measured. The data demonstrated the influence of the coagulant type and dose on almost all parameters, as well as multiple wastewater × coagulant interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05). In general, sawdust proved to be better than rice husk and ferric chloride when applied for all physico-chemical properties and pollutant removal excepting pH adjustment, the turbidity, reduction in solids and cadmium removal^^. The maximum doses, especially 10 g, gave the highest enhancements for both wastewater kinds. The results demonstrate that lignocellulosic coagulants, especially sawdust, are feasible and economical substitutes for the conventional inorganic metal salts as primary treatment agents to textile and tannery industries which are confronted with increasing environmental demand. Importantly, the research indicates possible application of agricultural waste by-products by large water treatment industries.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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