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Advances in Metallurgy and Materials from Ancient Times

Received: 17 September 2025     Accepted: 10 October 2025     Published: 26 December 2025
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Abstract

Ancient metallurgy was advanced in some ways. Not much is known about ancient metallurgy since most of the knowledge is lost due to various factors. There has been recent interest that has been kindled in ancient metallurgy. Western ideas crept in, in recent times and made the art of metallurgy more productive and profitable and now Metallurgy has changed to Materials Science. Evolution of Some of the ancient alloys, like Wootz steel are discussed. Their progress through the ages has been identified and advancements in furnaces are outlined. reviews the art of metallurgy and suggests how ancient arts could be blended with modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to rekindle interest in the ancient metallurgy and also supplement ancient ideas with modern ones. Terms like Nanotechnology are fairly new, but the concepts existed in ancient times in another form. Similarly, furnace technology has evolved from ancient times till now. It is felt that rekindling interest in ancient metallurgy will somehow help to blend these ancient technologies with modern technologies.

Published in Research and Innovation (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12
Page(s) 55-59
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Materials Science, Nanotechnology, Wootz Steel, Ashtabandanam

References
[1] Encyclopedia of green materials. C. Basker, 2025.
[2] F. Mohamed, M. Jamil M. F. M. Zain, Sustainable Material: Challenges and Prospect, Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science, Volume 57, Issue 1 (2019) 7-18.
[3] D. K. Chakravarty, The early use of iron in India, 1992, Oxford University.
[4] S. Srinivasan, C. M. Sinopoli, K. D. Morrison, R. Gopal, S. Ranganathan South Indian Iron Age Iron and High Carbon Steel: With Reference to Kadebakele and Comparative Insights from Mel-Siruvalur Metallurgy and Civilisation: Eurasia and Beyond, J. Mei and Th. Rehren, London (2009), pp. 116-121.
[5] J. D. Verhoeven, A. H. Pendray, W. E. Dauksch, The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades, JOM 50 (1998) pp 58-64.
[6] S. Srinivasan, Sharda, India ‘s legendary Wootz steel, National Institute of Advanced Studies, 2004.
[7] Ranganathan, S., & Srinivasan, S. (2006). A Tale of Wootz Steel. Resonance: Journal of Science Education, 11(6), 67-77.
[8] Verhoeven, J. D., Pendray, A. H., & Dauksch, W. E. (1998). The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades. JOM, 50(9), 58-64.
[9] Balasubramaniam, R. (2002). Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights. Aryan Books International.
[10] Srinivasan, S. (1994). Wootz Crucible Steel: A Newly Discovered Production Site in South India. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 5, 49-59.
[11] Feuerbach, A. M. (2002). Crucible Steel in Central Asia: Production, Use, and Origins. University College London.
[12] Bronson, B. (1986). The Making and Selling of Wootz, a Crucible Steel of India. Archeomaterials, 1(1), 13-51.
[13] Lowe, T. (1989). Damascus Steel: The Story of Wootz Steel. JOM, 41(4), 64.
[14] Wadsworth, J., & Sherby, O. D. (1980). On the Bulat - Damascus Steel Revisited. Progress in Materials Science, 25(1), 35-68.
[15] Reibold, M., et al. (2006). Carbon Nanotubes in an Ancient Damascus Sabre. Nature, 444(7117), 286.
[16] Park, J. S., & Shinde, V. (2013). Technology, Chronology and the Role of Crucible Steel as Inferred from Iron Objects of the Ancient Site at Junnar, India. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(11), 3991-3998.
[17] Smith, C. S. (1981). A Search for Structure. MIT Press.
[18] Faraday, M., & Stodart, J. (1820). Experiments on the Alloys of Steel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 110, 253-270.
[19] Olson, G. B. (2013). Genomic Materials Design: The Ferrous Frontier. Annual Review of Materials Research, 43, 1-23.
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  • APA Style

    Ananthapadmanaban, D., Vijayaram, T. R., Arvind, V. (2025). Advances in Metallurgy and Materials from Ancient Times. Research and Innovation, 2(2), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12

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    ACS Style

    Ananthapadmanaban, D.; Vijayaram, T. R.; Arvind, V. Advances in Metallurgy and Materials from Ancient Times. Res. Innovation 2025, 2(2), 55-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12

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    AMA Style

    Ananthapadmanaban D, Vijayaram TR, Arvind V. Advances in Metallurgy and Materials from Ancient Times. Res Innovation. 2025;2(2):55-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12,
      author = {Dattaguru Ananthapadmanaban and Thogulva Raghavan Vijayaram and Venu Arvind},
      title = {Advances in Metallurgy and Materials from Ancient Times},
      journal = {Research and Innovation},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {55-59},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ri.20260202.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ri.20260202.12},
      abstract = {Ancient metallurgy was advanced in some ways. Not much is known about ancient metallurgy since most of the knowledge is lost due to various factors. There has been recent interest that has been kindled in ancient metallurgy. Western ideas crept in, in recent times and made the art of metallurgy more productive and profitable and now Metallurgy has changed to Materials Science. Evolution of Some of the ancient alloys, like Wootz steel are discussed. Their progress through the ages has been identified and advancements in furnaces are outlined. reviews the art of metallurgy and suggests how ancient arts could be blended with modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to rekindle interest in the ancient metallurgy and also supplement ancient ideas with modern ones. Terms like Nanotechnology are fairly new, but the concepts existed in ancient times in another form. Similarly, furnace technology has evolved from ancient times till now. It is felt that rekindling interest in ancient metallurgy will somehow help to blend these ancient technologies with modern technologies.},
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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    AB  - Ancient metallurgy was advanced in some ways. Not much is known about ancient metallurgy since most of the knowledge is lost due to various factors. There has been recent interest that has been kindled in ancient metallurgy. Western ideas crept in, in recent times and made the art of metallurgy more productive and profitable and now Metallurgy has changed to Materials Science. Evolution of Some of the ancient alloys, like Wootz steel are discussed. Their progress through the ages has been identified and advancements in furnaces are outlined. reviews the art of metallurgy and suggests how ancient arts could be blended with modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to rekindle interest in the ancient metallurgy and also supplement ancient ideas with modern ones. Terms like Nanotechnology are fairly new, but the concepts existed in ancient times in another form. Similarly, furnace technology has evolved from ancient times till now. It is felt that rekindling interest in ancient metallurgy will somehow help to blend these ancient technologies with modern technologies.
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