A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Hope Baxter Chamdimba; Isaiah Omosa; Simon Mdondo Wandera

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

| Peer-Reviewed

A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Hope Baxter Chamdimba, Isaiah Omosa, Simon Mdondo Wandera

Published in Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 16 November 2021 Accepted: 16 December 2021 Published: 29 December 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Organic waste in Nairobi City County accounts for 58-63% of the municipal solid waste generated. Food waste is at the center of urban waste management in the city as it accounts for 64% of the recoverable material. The city is estimated to have a food waste generation per capita of 6.1 kilogram per year, which accumulates to 29.4 thousand tons yearly. It transpires that upstream activities of the food supply chain, mainly production, postharvest loss, processing and distribution are the major food waste hotspots, accounting for 95% of the food waste in developing countries. Additionally, downstream activities of the food supply chain show that hotels, restaurants and super markets are the most important food waste hotspots. Such food waste hotspots should become the primary targets for resource recovery in a circular economy. Currently, the exploitation of food waste for animal feed and composting is growing in Nairobi City County, which signifies that food waste is becoming a valuable urban resource that can be traded, thus creating employment. However, the application of food waste for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion is limited in the city due to lack of source separation of municipal solid waste. On average, food waste has a biomethane potential of 508.45 ml CH₄ /g VS. This implies that 29.4 thousand tons of food waste generated in Nairobi City County has the potential to yield 10.5 million m³ of methane, and will demand a digestion volume of 4,299 m³. Using global case studies of electricity generation from biogas, it is estimated that food waste in the city potentially yields 1.38 MW of electricity. In addition, about 26.1 thousand tons of bioslurry can be recovered from the digestion of food waste, which can be used for urban agriculture. Regardless of the liquefied petroleum gas enjoying a tax exemption, biogas at 32.78 USD per gigajoule of delivered energy demonstrates to be more economical, and this can be enhanced by upgrading it. The removal of liquefied petroleum gas from tax-exempt goods through the Finance Act 2020, and an addition of 16% value added tax on the fuel by Kenya Revenue Authority that became effective on 1^st July, 2021 favors biofuels such as methane. However, long term realization of methane generation potential in NCC demands the adoption and implementation of more friendly biofuels policies and regulatory frameworks in the country.

Published in	Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
Page(s)	131-144
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Nairobi City County, Food Waste, Anaerobic Digestion, Methane, Policy

References

[1]	ADB. (2020). Waste to Energy in the Age of the Circular Economy: Compendium of Case Studies and Emerging Economies. Asian Development Bank.
[2]	AGRA.(2020). Feeding Africa’s Cities Opportunities, Challenges, and Policies for Linking African Farmers with Growing Urban Food Markets. Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa.
[3]	Al Seadi, T., Rutz, D., Prassl, H., Köttner, M., Finsterwalder, T., Volk, S., & Janssen, R. (2008). Biogas Handbook.
[4]	Banks, C., Heaven, S., Zhang, Y., Baier, U.(2018). Food Waste Digestion: Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste for a Circular Economy. IEA Bioenergy Task 37, 2018: 12.
[5]	Bailis, R., Ghosh, E., O'connor, M., Kwamboka, E., Ran, Y. and Lambe, F. (2020). Enhancing clean cooking options in peri-urban Kenya: a pilot study of advanced gasifier stove adoption. Environ. Res. Lett. 15 (2020) 084017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab865a.
[6]	Bartel, R. (2013). Benefits of Food Waste as a Potential Substrate in a Dry Anaerobic Digester. Universiity of Wisconsin System.
[7]	Bridle, R., & Kitson, L. (2014). The Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies on Renewable Electricity Generation. Global Subsidies Initiative and International Institute for Sustainable Development.
[8]	Browne, J. D., Allen, E. and Murphy, J. (2013). Evaluation of thebiomethane potential from multiple waste streams for proposed community scale anaerobic digester. In Brown J. D., & Murphy, S (Eds). Biomethane Production from food waste and organic residues. University College Cork, Ireland.
[9]	Browne, J. D. and Murphy, J. (2013). Assessment of the resource associated with biomethane from food waste. In Brown J. D., & Murphy, S (Eds). Biomethane Production from food waste and organic residues. University College Cork, Ireland.
[10]	Caldeira, C., Sara, C. & Serenella, S. (2017). Food waste accounting - Methodologies, challenges and opportunities. European Union.
[11]	Chamdimba, H. B., Mugagga, R. G., and Ako, E. (2021). Prospects and Constraints to Attaining Universal Access to Modern Energy in Malawi: A Review. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy. Vol. 10, No. 1, 2021, pp. 19-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211001.14.
[12]	CoA.(2017). National Food Waste Strategy: Halving Australia’s Food Waste by 2030. Commonwealth of Australia.
[13]	Chege, C., & Carson, M. (2017). Food Loss & Waste Africa. The Rockefeller Foundation & Dalberg Intelligence.
[14]	CONCANE (2013). Assessment of the impact of ethanol content in gasoline on fuel consumption, including a literature review up to 2006. CONCANE, Brussels.
[15]	Chen, L. & Neibling, H. (2014). Anaerobic Digestion Basics. University of Idaho.
[16]	Dalberg. (2018). Scaling up clean cooking in urban Kenya with LPG & Bio-ethanol: A market and policy analysis. Dalberg.
[17]	DEFRA. (2011). Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan A commitment to increasing energy from waste through Anaerobic Digestion. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
[18]	Ephantus, M., Robert, K., & Paul, N. (2015). An Analysis of Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in Thika Municipality of Kiambu County, Kenya. https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5263/2015.04.005.
[19]	Ermgassen, E. K. H. J., Phalan, B., Green, R. E., & Balmford, A. (2016). Reducing the land use of EU pork production: Where there’s swill, there’s a way. Food Policy, 58, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001.
[20]	EPA. (2020). Anaerobic Digester/Biogas System Operator Guidebook: A Guidebook for Operating Anaerobic Digestion/Biogas Systems on Farms in the United States. Environment Protecion Agency.
[21]	EPA. (2015). Anaerobic Digestation and its Applications. Environment Protecion Agency.
[22]	FAO.(2011). Global food losses and food waste – Extent, causes and prevention. Rome.
[23]	FAO. (2019a). FAO framework for the Urban Food Agenda: Leveraging sub-national and local government action to ensure sustainable food systems and improved nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
[24]	FAO. (2019b). The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. Food and Agriculture Association. Rome.
[25]	FAO.(2014). Food Loss Assessments: Causes and Solutions- Kenya- Banana Maize Milk Fish. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
[26]	FAO.(2013a). Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources. Summary Report. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
[27]	FAO.(2013b). Toolkit: Reducing the food wastage footprint. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
[28]	FAO. (2021). Food Waste: Challenges and Opportunities for Cities. 4^th MUFPP Regional Forum in Africa 18/02/2021- Panel 11. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
[29]	Feedback Global. (2015). Uncovering Food Waste in the Horticulture Export Supply Chain.
[30]	Girotto, F., Alibardi, L., & Cossu, R. (2015). Food waste generation and industrial uses: A review Food waste generation and industrial uses. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.008.
[31]	Graunke, R. E., & Wilkie, A. C. (2008). Converting Food Waste to Biogas: Sustainable Gator Dining. Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1089/SUS.2008.9914.
[32]	GMI. (2013). Successful Applications of Anaerobic Digestion from Across the World. Global Methane Initiative.
[33]	GoI.(2016). Municipal Solid Waste: Managemnt Manual. Ministry of Urban Development.
[34]	GIZ. (2016). Food not Waste-Developing innovative business solutions for the food waste problem in Kenya. Fedral Ministry for Economic Development and Coperation.
[35]	Hamid, R. G., & Blanchard, R. E. (2018). An assessment of biogas as a domestic energy source in rural Kenya: Developing a sustainable business model. Renewable Energy, 121, 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.032.
[36]	Hamlin, A. (2012). Assesment of Social and Economic Impacts of Biogas Digesters in Rural Kenya. SIT Digital Collections, 1–35.
[37]	Huho, J. M., Kosonei, R. C., & Musyimi, P. K. (2020). Sociodemographic Determinants of Households’ Food Waste in Garissa Sub County, Kenya. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3 (2), 932–946. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.921.
[38]	Jager, A., Zwart, K., Scheinberg, A., Onduru, D., Kirai, P. & Gachugi, J.(2009). Converting City Waste into Compost Pilot Nairobi: Report Inception Mission March 16–21, 2009.
[39]	JICA. (2010). Preparatory Survey For Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City in the Republic of Kenya. Japan International Cooperation Agency.
[40]	Braun, J. V, Sorondo, M. S., and Steiner, R. (eds) (2020). Reduction Of Food Loss And Waste. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
[41]	Kasozi, A., & Von Blottnitz, H. (2010). Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: A Situation Analysis Technical Document accompanying the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan For the City Council of Nairobi on contract for the United Nations Environment Programme.
[42]	Kemausuor, F., Adaramola, M. S., & Morken, J. (2018). A Review of Commercial Biogas Systems and Lessons for Africa. Energies, 11 (11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112984.
[43]	KENDBIP. (2014). Kenya Domestic Biogas User Survey 2014, (August), 72.
[44]	Khamala, E. M., & Alex, A. A. (2013). Municipal Solid Waste Composition and Characteristics Relevant to the Waste – To-Energy Disposal Method for Nairobi City. Global Journal of Egineering, Design and Technology. Vol. 2 (4): 1-6.
[45]	Kirkinen, J. (2010). Greenhouse impact assessment of some combustible fuels with a dynamic life cycle approach. VTT Publications 733.
[46]	Kimiywe, J. (2014). Food and nutrition security: challenges of post-harvest handling in Kenya. Conference on ‘Food and nutrition security in Africa: new challenges and opportunities for sustainability, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2015), 74, 487–495.
[47]	Komakech, A. J., Banadda, N. E., Kinobe, J. R., Kasisira, L., Sundbers, C., Gebresenbet, G., and Vinneras, B. (2014). Characterization of Municipal Waste in Kamplala, Uganda. Journal of Air and Waste Management.
[48]	Lamb, G., Pogson, S. and Schliebs, D. (2012). Waste definitions and classifications. Hyder.
[49]	Li, Y., Jin, Y., Li, H., Borrion, A., Yu, Z. and Li, J. (2018). Kinetic Studies on Orgnic Degradation and Its Impactson Improving Methane Production During Anaerobic Digestion of Foow Waste. Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
[50]	Liu, C., & Nguyen, T. T. (2020). Evaluation of household food waste generation in hanoi and policy implications towards SDGs target 12.3. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166565.
[51]	Lipinski, B., Hanson, C., Lomax, J., Kitinoja, L., Waite, R., and Searchinger, T. (2013). Reducing Food Loss and Waste. World Resource Institute and United Nations Environmental Programme.
[52]	Malla, S., and Timlsina, G. R. (2014). Household Cooking Fuel Choice and Adoption of Improved Cookstoves in Developing Countries. The World Bank.
[53]	Medina-Salas, L. D., Castillo-Gonzáleza, E., Romero-Lópezb, R. (2013). Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in a Rural LocalityStudy Case: Cosautlán De Carvajal, Veracruz, Mexico. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 3 No. 8; December 2013.
[54]	Muiruri, J., Nahome, R., and Karatu, K. (2020). Assessment of Methods Practiced in the Disposal of Solid Waste in Eastleigh Nairobi County, Kenya. AIMS Environment Science, 7 (5): 434-448.
[55]	Mugagga, R. G., & Chamdimba, H. B. N. (2019). A Comprehensive Review on Status of Solar PV Growth in Uganda. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 3 (4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2019/v3i430113.
[56]	Mugagga, R. G., & Chamdimba, H. B. (2021). Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review, International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy. Vol. 10, No. 2, 2021, pp. 32-39. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11.
[57]	Mokveld, K. & Eije, S. (2018). Final Energy report. Kenya. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
[58]	MoE. (2020). Bioenergy strategy 2020-2027. Ministry of Energy.
[59]	McCabe, B. K. and Schmidt, T. (2018). Integrated biogas systems. IEA Bioenergy - Task 37, 28.
[60]	Meegoda, J. N., Li, B., Patel, K., & Wang, L. B. (2018). A review of the processes, parameters, and optimization of anaerobic digestion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102224.
[61]	Moriarty, K. (2013). Feasibility Study of Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste in St. Bernard, Louisiana A Study Prepared in Partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency for the RE-Powering America ’ s Land Initiative: Siting Renewable Energy on Potentially Contaminat. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), (January), 1–51. Retrieved from http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1067946/.
[62]	Muniafu, M., & Otiato, E. (2010). Solid Waste Management in Nairobi, Kenya. A case for emerging economies. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 2 (1), 342–350. https://doi.org/10.4314/jolte.v2i1.52009.
[63]	Munyoki, J. M. & Olesen, G. B. (2020). Plan for 100% Renewable Energy Scenario in Kenya By 2050. East African CSOs for Sustainable Energy and Climate Action (EASE-CA) Project.
[64]	NEMA. (2015). The National Solid Waste Management Strategy. National Environmental Management Authority. Retrieved from www.nema.go.ke.
[65]	NCC. (2020). County Annual Development Plan (CADP) 2021/2022. Nairobi City County.
[66]	Njenga, M., & Karanja, N. (2006). Community Based Organic Waste Recovery for Compost Production for Urban Agriculture: A Livelihood Strategy for the Urban Poor in Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262767405.
[67]	Olielo, T. (2013). Food Security Problems in Various Income Groups of Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. Volume 13 No. 4 September 2013.
[68]	Omidiani, A., & Hashemihezaveh, S. (2016). Waste Management in Hotel Industry in India: A Review.
[69]	Ogutu, F. A., Kimata, D. M., Kweyu, R. A. (2020). A critique on Sustainable Cities Waste Management Predicaments: Case of Nairobi City, Kenya. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Volume 24 (10) 1801-1810.
[70]	Orangun, A., Kaur, H. and Kommalapati, R. R. (2021). Batch Anaerobic Co-digestion and biochemical Methane Potential Analysis of Goat Manure and Food Waste. Energies, 14, 1957 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071952.
[71]	Ozcan, H. K., Guvenc, S. Y., Guvenc, L. and Demir, G. (2016). Municipal Solid Waste Characterization according to Different Income Levels: A Case Study. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101044.
[72]	Palfreman, J. (2015). Mapping Out Waste Characteristics in Mombasa, Kenya, (October). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1931.3361.
[73]	Quested, T. E., Palmer, G., Moreno, L. C., & Mcdermott, C. (2020). Comparing diaries and waste compositional analysis for measuring food waste in the home. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121263.
[74]	Srivastava, S., Vishwavidyalaya, G. K., Kumar, S., Vishwavidyalaya, G. K., Sharma, K. D., & Vishwavidyalaya, G. K. (2016). Bottling of Biogas – A Renewable Approach, (July).
[75]	Sawyerr, N., Trois, C., & Workneh, T. (2019). Identification and Characterization of Potential Feedstock for Biogas Production in South Africa, (May). https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/108652.
[76]	Singh, J., Laurenti, R., Sinha, R., and Frostell, B. (2014). Progress and challenges to the global waste management system. Waste Management & Research 2014, Vol. 32 (9) 800–812, DOI: 10.1177/0734242X14537868.
[77]	Sugiura, K., Yamatani, S., Watahara, M., & Onodera, T. (2009). Ecofeed, animal feed produced from recycled food waste. Veterinaria Italiana, 45 (3), 397–404. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20391403.
[78]	Sundby, S. & Söderberg, M. (2018.). Small-scale biogas production in Kenya. KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management.
[79]	Smith, J. U., Apsley, A., Avery, L., Baggs, E., Balana, B., Bechtel, K., Davidson, G., Glenk, K., Harroff, L., Matthews, R., Moris, K., Morley, N., Mugisha, J., Niwagaba, C. b., Orskov, R. E., Sabiiti, E., Semple, S., Strachan, N., Subedi, M., Swaib, S., Tumuhairwe, J. B., Tumwesige, V., Walekhwa, P. & Yongabi, K. (2013). The Potential of Small-Scale Biogas Digesters to Improve Livelihoods and Long Term Sustainability of Ecosystem Services in Sub-Saharan Africa-Final Report.
[80]	Soezer, A., Owino, T. and Samuel, A. (2017). National Appropriate Mitigation Action on A circular Economy Solid Waste Management Approach for Urban Areas in Kenya. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and United Nations Development Plan.
[81]	Taylor, M. (2020). Energy Subsidies: Evolution in the Global Energy Transformation to 2050. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
[82]	Teigiserova, D. A., Hamelin, L., & Thomsen, M. (2020). Towards transparent valorization of food surplus, waste and loss: Clarifying definitions, food waste hierarchy, and role in the circular economy. Science of the Total Environment, 706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136033.
[83]	Thenabadu, M. (2014). Anaerobic Digestion of Food and Market Waste; Waste characterisation and Biomethane Potential: A Case study in Sri Lanka. SLEMA Journal, 18 (2), 29. https://doi.org/10.4038/slemaj.v18i2.18.
[84]	UNESCAP. (2017). Sustainable Development Bene f its of Integrated Waste Management: Integrated Resource Recovery Centers. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
[85]	UNEP. (2021). Food Waste Index Report 2021. United Nations Environment Programme.
[86]	Vorley, B., Porras, I., Amrein, A., Rogers, C., & Blackmore, E. (2015). The Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme: Can carbon financing promote sustainable agriculture? Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10947/186.
[87]	Vögeli Y., Lohri C. R., Gallardo A., Diener S., Zurbrügg C. (2014). Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Developing Countries: Practical Information and Case Studies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
[88]	WRAP.(2009). Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK A report containing quantification of the amount and types of household. Waste and Resources Action Programme.
[89]	WBA. (2018). Global Food Waste Management: An Implementation Guide For Cities. World Biogas AAssociation.
[90]	WB. (2011). Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health, and Climate Change: A New Look at the Old Problem. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
[91]	Wanjiru, N. B., Mbugua, J., Mulwa, A. S., & Kyalo, D. N. (2019). Solid Waste Management Projects in Nairobi County, Kenya: Analytical Review of Project Management Technical Skills and Performance of Youth Environmental Projects. The International Journal of Business & Management, 7 (7). https://doi.org/10.24940/theijbm/2019/v7/i7/bm1907-040.
[92]	Waweru, S., & Kanda, E. K. (2012). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kenya: A Comparison of Middle Income and Slum Areas Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kenya.
[93]	Wandera, S. M., Qiao, W., Algapani, D. E., Bi, S., Yin, D., Qi, X., Liu, Y, Dach, J., & Dong, R. (2017). Searching for possibilities to improve the performance of full scale agricultural biogas plants. Renewable Energy. 116. 10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.087.
[94]	Were, S. O., Miricho, M. N., & Maranga, N. V. (2018). Study of Food Security Through Food Waste and Loss Control Mechanism in Kenya. International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews, 5 (1), 09–21. https://doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2018.512.
[95]	Werf, P. Van Der, Seabrook, J. A., & Gilliland, J. A. (2018). The quantity of food waste in the garbage stream of southern Ontario, Canada households, 1–13.
[96]	WNA. (n.d). Heat Values of Various Fuels. World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/facts-and-figures/heat-values-of-various-fuels.aspx.
[97]	Wyman C. E. (2004). Ethanol Fuel. In Cleveland, C. J. Encyclopedia of Energy. Pages 541-555, Elsevier, ttps://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00518-0.
[98]	Zorpas, A. A., Lasaridi, K., Voukkali, I., & Loizia, P. (2012). Solid waste from the hospitality industry in Cyprus. Island Sustainability.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Hope Baxter Chamdimba, Isaiah Omosa, Simon Mdondo Wandera. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 6(4), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Hope Baxter Chamdimba; Isaiah Omosa; Simon Mdondo Wandera. A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 6(4), 131-144. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Hope Baxter Chamdimba, Isaiah Omosa, Simon Mdondo Wandera. A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2021;6(4):131-144. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15,
  author = {Hope Baxter Chamdimba and Isaiah Omosa and Simon Mdondo Wandera},
  title = {A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {131-144},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20210604.15},
  abstract = {Organic waste in Nairobi City County accounts for 58-63% of the municipal solid waste generated. Food waste is at the center of urban waste management in the city as it accounts for 64% of the recoverable material. The city is estimated to have a food waste generation per capita of 6.1 kilogram per year, which accumulates to 29.4 thousand tons yearly. It transpires that upstream activities of the food supply chain, mainly production, postharvest loss, processing and distribution are the major food waste hotspots, accounting for 95% of the food waste in developing countries. Additionally, downstream activities of the food supply chain show that hotels, restaurants and super markets are the most important food waste hotspots. Such food waste hotspots should become the primary targets for resource recovery in a circular economy. Currently, the exploitation of food waste for animal feed and composting is growing in Nairobi City County, which signifies that food waste is becoming a valuable urban resource that can be traded, thus creating employment. However, the application of food waste for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion is limited in the city due to lack of source separation of municipal solid waste. On average, food waste has a biomethane potential of 508.45 ml CH4 /g VS. This implies that 29.4 thousand tons of food waste generated in Nairobi City County has the potential to yield 10.5 million m3 of methane, and will demand a digestion volume of 4,299 m3. Using global case studies of electricity generation from biogas, it is estimated that food waste in the city potentially yields 1.38 MW of electricity. In addition, about 26.1 thousand tons of bioslurry can be recovered from the digestion of food waste, which can be used for urban agriculture. Regardless of the liquefied petroleum gas enjoying a tax exemption, biogas at 32.78 USD per gigajoule of delivered energy demonstrates to be more economical, and this can be enhanced by upgrading it. The removal of liquefied petroleum gas from tax-exempt goods through the Finance Act 2020, and an addition of 16% value added tax on the fuel by Kenya Revenue Authority that became effective on 1st July, 2021 favors biofuels such as methane. However, long term realization of methane generation potential in NCC demands the adoption and implementation of more friendly biofuels policies and regulatory frameworks in the country.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya
AU  - Hope Baxter Chamdimba
AU  - Isaiah Omosa
AU  - Simon Mdondo Wandera
Y1  - 2021/12/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 131
EP  - 144
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
AB  - Organic waste in Nairobi City County accounts for 58-63% of the municipal solid waste generated. Food waste is at the center of urban waste management in the city as it accounts for 64% of the recoverable material. The city is estimated to have a food waste generation per capita of 6.1 kilogram per year, which accumulates to 29.4 thousand tons yearly. It transpires that upstream activities of the food supply chain, mainly production, postharvest loss, processing and distribution are the major food waste hotspots, accounting for 95% of the food waste in developing countries. Additionally, downstream activities of the food supply chain show that hotels, restaurants and super markets are the most important food waste hotspots. Such food waste hotspots should become the primary targets for resource recovery in a circular economy. Currently, the exploitation of food waste for animal feed and composting is growing in Nairobi City County, which signifies that food waste is becoming a valuable urban resource that can be traded, thus creating employment. However, the application of food waste for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion is limited in the city due to lack of source separation of municipal solid waste. On average, food waste has a biomethane potential of 508.45 ml CH4 /g VS. This implies that 29.4 thousand tons of food waste generated in Nairobi City County has the potential to yield 10.5 million m3 of methane, and will demand a digestion volume of 4,299 m3. Using global case studies of electricity generation from biogas, it is estimated that food waste in the city potentially yields 1.38 MW of electricity. In addition, about 26.1 thousand tons of bioslurry can be recovered from the digestion of food waste, which can be used for urban agriculture. Regardless of the liquefied petroleum gas enjoying a tax exemption, biogas at 32.78 USD per gigajoule of delivered energy demonstrates to be more economical, and this can be enhanced by upgrading it. The removal of liquefied petroleum gas from tax-exempt goods through the Finance Act 2020, and an addition of 16% value added tax on the fuel by Kenya Revenue Authority that became effective on 1st July, 2021 favors biofuels such as methane. However, long term realization of methane generation potential in NCC demands the adoption and implementation of more friendly biofuels policies and regulatory frameworks in the country.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Hope Baxter Chamdimba

Energy Technology Department, School of Engineering, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
Isaiah Omosa

Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
Simon Mdondo Wandera

Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Hope Baxter Chamdimba, Isaiah Omosa, Simon Mdondo Wandera. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 6(4), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Hope Baxter Chamdimba; Isaiah Omosa; Simon Mdondo Wandera. A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 6(4), 131-144. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Hope Baxter Chamdimba, Isaiah Omosa, Simon Mdondo Wandera. A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2021;6(4):131-144. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15,
  author = {Hope Baxter Chamdimba and Isaiah Omosa and Simon Mdondo Wandera},
  title = {A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {131-144},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20210604.15},
  abstract = {Organic waste in Nairobi City County accounts for 58-63% of the municipal solid waste generated. Food waste is at the center of urban waste management in the city as it accounts for 64% of the recoverable material. The city is estimated to have a food waste generation per capita of 6.1 kilogram per year, which accumulates to 29.4 thousand tons yearly. It transpires that upstream activities of the food supply chain, mainly production, postharvest loss, processing and distribution are the major food waste hotspots, accounting for 95% of the food waste in developing countries. Additionally, downstream activities of the food supply chain show that hotels, restaurants and super markets are the most important food waste hotspots. Such food waste hotspots should become the primary targets for resource recovery in a circular economy. Currently, the exploitation of food waste for animal feed and composting is growing in Nairobi City County, which signifies that food waste is becoming a valuable urban resource that can be traded, thus creating employment. However, the application of food waste for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion is limited in the city due to lack of source separation of municipal solid waste. On average, food waste has a biomethane potential of 508.45 ml CH4 /g VS. This implies that 29.4 thousand tons of food waste generated in Nairobi City County has the potential to yield 10.5 million m3 of methane, and will demand a digestion volume of 4,299 m3. Using global case studies of electricity generation from biogas, it is estimated that food waste in the city potentially yields 1.38 MW of electricity. In addition, about 26.1 thousand tons of bioslurry can be recovered from the digestion of food waste, which can be used for urban agriculture. Regardless of the liquefied petroleum gas enjoying a tax exemption, biogas at 32.78 USD per gigajoule of delivered energy demonstrates to be more economical, and this can be enhanced by upgrading it. The removal of liquefied petroleum gas from tax-exempt goods through the Finance Act 2020, and an addition of 16% value added tax on the fuel by Kenya Revenue Authority that became effective on 1st July, 2021 favors biofuels such as methane. However, long term realization of methane generation potential in NCC demands the adoption and implementation of more friendly biofuels policies and regulatory frameworks in the country.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Comprehensive Review of Biomethanation of Urban Food Waste in Nairobi City County, Kenya
AU  - Hope Baxter Chamdimba
AU  - Isaiah Omosa
AU  - Simon Mdondo Wandera
Y1  - 2021/12/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 131
EP  - 144
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20210604.15
AB  - Organic waste in Nairobi City County accounts for 58-63% of the municipal solid waste generated. Food waste is at the center of urban waste management in the city as it accounts for 64% of the recoverable material. The city is estimated to have a food waste generation per capita of 6.1 kilogram per year, which accumulates to 29.4 thousand tons yearly. It transpires that upstream activities of the food supply chain, mainly production, postharvest loss, processing and distribution are the major food waste hotspots, accounting for 95% of the food waste in developing countries. Additionally, downstream activities of the food supply chain show that hotels, restaurants and super markets are the most important food waste hotspots. Such food waste hotspots should become the primary targets for resource recovery in a circular economy. Currently, the exploitation of food waste for animal feed and composting is growing in Nairobi City County, which signifies that food waste is becoming a valuable urban resource that can be traded, thus creating employment. However, the application of food waste for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion is limited in the city due to lack of source separation of municipal solid waste. On average, food waste has a biomethane potential of 508.45 ml CH4 /g VS. This implies that 29.4 thousand tons of food waste generated in Nairobi City County has the potential to yield 10.5 million m3 of methane, and will demand a digestion volume of 4,299 m3. Using global case studies of electricity generation from biogas, it is estimated that food waste in the city potentially yields 1.38 MW of electricity. In addition, about 26.1 thousand tons of bioslurry can be recovered from the digestion of food waste, which can be used for urban agriculture. Regardless of the liquefied petroleum gas enjoying a tax exemption, biogas at 32.78 USD per gigajoule of delivered energy demonstrates to be more economical, and this can be enhanced by upgrading it. The removal of liquefied petroleum gas from tax-exempt goods through the Finance Act 2020, and an addition of 16% value added tax on the fuel by Kenya Revenue Authority that became effective on 1st July, 2021 favors biofuels such as methane. However, long term realization of methane generation potential in NCC demands the adoption and implementation of more friendly biofuels policies and regulatory frameworks in the country.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download