Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera are the commonly found plants of Pakistan that are known to possess various medicinal properties. Present study was designed to evaluate the presence of various phytochemicals in these plants both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study was concluded with accessing the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of these phytochemicals against E. coli, Shigella Spp, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger. In addition qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents i.e. alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpanoids and quantitative analysis of total proteins, sugars, reducing sugars, phenolics and flavonoids was performed. Plant extracts were also checked for the existence of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results revealed the presence of a wide range of phytoconstituents including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in both the plants. Quantification of few pharmaceutically important phytoconstituents showed the diversified response. Presence of antioxidants was confirmed in S. oleoides (2.14±SD mg/mL) in methanol extracts of leaves and water extract of leaves of W. somnifera (1.97±SD mg/mL). Methanolic extracts of leaves, bark and roots of both the medicinal plants showed inhibitory effects against both fungal and bacterial strains used. Our findings provide strong evidence that these medicinal plants possess phytoconstituents of pharmaceutical importance and thus may serve as an effective alternative to routine therapeutics.
| Published in | Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12 |
| Page(s) | 5-11 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Salvadora Oleoides, Withania Somnifera, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity, Pharmaceutics
| [1] | Khan UA, Rahman H, Niaz Z, Qasim M, Khan J, Tayyaba, Rehman B. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants against selected human pathogenic bacteria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. 2013; 3 (4): 272-4. |
| [2] | Alviano DS, Alviano CS. Plant extracts: search for new alternatives to treat microbial diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2009; 10 (1): 106–121. |
| [3] | Malini M, Abirami G, Hemalatha V, Annadurai G. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous ex-tracts of medicinal plants against waste water pathogens. Int J Res Pure Appl Microbiol. 2013; 3 (2): 40–42. |
| [4] | Zhang R, Eggleston K, Rotimi V, Zeckhauser RJ. Antibiotic resistance as a global threat: evidence from China, Kuwait and the United States. Global Health. 2006; 2: 6. |
| [5] | Kumar S, Dhankhar S, Arya VP, Yadav S, Yadav JP. Antimicrobial activity of Salvadora oleoides Decne. against some microorganisms. J Med Plants Res. 2012; 6 (14): 2754-60. |
| [6] | Singh AK. Endangered economic species of Indian desert. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2004; 51 (4): 371-80. |
| [7] | Natubhai PM, Pandya SS, Rabari HA. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Salvadora oleoides Decne (Salvadoraceae). Int J of Pharm Life Sci. 2012; 3 (12). |
| [8] | Upadhyay B, Singh KP, Kumar A. Ethno-veterinary uses and informants consensus factor of medicinal plants of Sariska region, Rajasthan, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 133 (1): 14-25. |
| [9] | Sharma MP, Ahmad J, Hussain A, Khan S. Folklore medicinal plants of Mewat (Gurgaon district), Haryana, India. Int J pharmacogn. 1992; 30 (2): 129-34. |
| [10] | Mughal TA. 2008. Ethnomedicinal studies of flora of southern Punjab and isolation of biologically active principles, Phd thesis, department of chemistry Lahore College for women, Lahore University, Pakistan, 43-44. |
| [11] | Jain SC, Jain R, Singh R. Ethnobotanical survey of Sariska and Siliserh regions from Alwar district of Rajasthan, India. Ethnobotanical leaflets. 2009; 2009 (1): 21. |
| [12] | Bisht P, Rawat V. Antibacterial activity of Withania somnifera against Gram-positive isolates from pus samples. Ayu. 2014; 35 (3): 330. |
| [13] | Ven Murthy MR, Ranjekar KP, Ramassamy C, Deshpande M. Scientific basis for the use of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: 1. Ashwagandha. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Central Nervous System Agents), 2010; 10 (3): 238-246. |
| [14] | Nema R, Khare S, Jain P, Pradhan A. Anticancer activity of Withania somnifera (leaves) flavonoids compound. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2013; 19 (1): 103-6. |
| [15] | Patel K, Singh RB, Patel DK. Pharmacological and analytical aspects of Withaferin A: a concise report of current scientific literature. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2013; 2 (3): 238-43. |
| [16] | Singh G, Kumar P. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of flavonoids of Withania somnifera L. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011; 73 (4): 473. |
| [17] | Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK, Kumar A, Ghosal S, Bigl V. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1997; 30 (2): 181-90. |
| [18] | Shenoy S, Chaskar U, Sandhu JS, Paadhi MM. Effects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclists. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2012; 3 (4): 209. |
| [19] | Soman S, Korah PK, Jayanarayanan S, Mathew J, Paulose CS. Oxidative stress induced NMDA receptor alteration leads to spatial memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy: ameliorative effects of Withania somnifera and Withanolide A. Neurochem Res. 2012; 37 (9): 1915-27. |
| [20] | Kulkami S, Akula KK, Dhir A. Effect of Withania somnifera Dunal root extract against pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in mice: Possible involvement of GABAergic system. Indian J Exp Biol. 2008; 46 (6): 465-9. |
| [21] | Jayanthi MK, Prathima C, Huralikuppi JC, Suresha RN, Dhar M. Anti-depressant effects of Withania somnifera fat (Ashwagandha ghrutha) extract in experimental mice. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2012; 3, 33. |
| [22] | Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 2000; 7 (6): 463-9. |
| [23] | Gupta A, Singh S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Withania somnifera root on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Pharm Biol. 2014; 52 (3): 308-20. |
| [24] | Sabina E, Chandel S, Rasool MK. Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic effect of Withaferin A. Int J Integr Biol. 2009; 6 (2): 52-6. |
| [25] | Shahriar M, Alam F, Uddin MM. Analgesic and neuropharmacological activity of Withania somnifera root. Int J Pharm. 2014; 4 (2): 203-8. |
| [26] | Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A. Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2013; 2013. |
| [27] | Mansour HH, Hafez HF. Protective effect of Withania somnifera against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012; 80: 14-9. |
| [28] | Qadri F, Svennerholm AM, Faruque AS, Sack RB. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (3): 465-83. |
| [29] | Tickell KD, Brander RL, Atlas HE, Pernica JM, Walson JL, Pavlinac PB. Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2017; 5 (12): e1235-48. |
| [30] | Person AK, Chudgar SM, Norton BL, Tong BC, Stout JE. Aspergillus niger: an unusual cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Med Microbiol. 2010; 59 (Pt 7): 834. |
| [31] | Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Karthala; 1996. Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 191-289. |
| [32] | Trease GE, Evans WC. 1989. Pharmacognosy, 11th edn., Bailliere Tindall, London, pp. 45-50. |
| [33] | Harborne JB. 1973. Phytochemicals Methods. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, pp. 49-188. |
| [34] | Yadav RN, Agarwala M. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. Journal of phytology. 2011. |
| [35] | Soni A, Sosa S. Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging potential of herbal and medicinal plant extracts. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2013; 2 (4): 22-9. |
| [36] | Lowery OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. biol Chem. 1951; 193 (1), 265-275. |
| [37] | Montgomery R. Further studies of phenol-sulphuric acid reagent for carbohydrates. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1961; 48 (3), 591-593. |
| [38] | Miller, G. Modified DNS method for reducing sugar. Anal. Chem. 1959; 31 (3), 426-428. |
| [39] | Yasoubi P, Barzegar M, Sahari MA, Azizi MH. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extracts. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2007; 9: 35-42. |
| [40] | Djeridane A, Yousfi M, Nadjemi B, Boutassouna D, Stocker P, Vidal N. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food chemistry. 2006; 97 (4): 654-60. |
| [41] | Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical biochemistry. 1999; 269 (2): 337-41. |
| [42] | CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2003; Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 6th ed. approved standard M7-A6. Wayne. Pa. |
| [43] | Arora M, Siddiqui AA, Paliwal S, Parul S. A phyto-pharmacological overview on Salvadora oleoides Decne. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2014; 5 (3): 209–214. |
| [44] | Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. Luteolin rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radical Res. 1998; 29: 247-255. |
| [45] | Krings U, Berger RG. Antioxidant activity of roasted foods. Food Chem. 2001; 72: 223-229. |
| [46] | Ali SS, Kasoju N, Luthra A, Singh A, Sharanabasava H, Sahuand A, Bora U. Indian medicinal herbs as source of antioxidants. Food Res. Int. 2008; 41: 1-15. |
APA Style
Javed Ali Lakho, Aneela Taj, Nadir Ali Rind, Syed Habib Ahmed Naqvi. (2021). Phytochemical Analysis of Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera: An Insight into Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capabilities. Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, 7(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12
ACS Style
Javed Ali Lakho; Aneela Taj; Nadir Ali Rind; Syed Habib Ahmed Naqvi. Phytochemical Analysis of Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera: An Insight into Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capabilities. J. Drug Des. Med. Chem. 2021, 7(1), 5-11. doi: 10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12
AMA Style
Javed Ali Lakho, Aneela Taj, Nadir Ali Rind, Syed Habib Ahmed Naqvi. Phytochemical Analysis of Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera: An Insight into Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capabilities. J Drug Des Med Chem. 2021;7(1):5-11. doi: 10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12,
author = {Javed Ali Lakho and Aneela Taj and Nadir Ali Rind and Syed Habib Ahmed Naqvi},
title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera: An Insight into Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capabilities},
journal = {Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {5-11},
doi = {10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jddmc.20210701.12},
abstract = {Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera are the commonly found plants of Pakistan that are known to possess various medicinal properties. Present study was designed to evaluate the presence of various phytochemicals in these plants both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study was concluded with accessing the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of these phytochemicals against E. coli, Shigella Spp, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger. In addition qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents i.e. alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpanoids and quantitative analysis of total proteins, sugars, reducing sugars, phenolics and flavonoids was performed. Plant extracts were also checked for the existence of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results revealed the presence of a wide range of phytoconstituents including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in both the plants. Quantification of few pharmaceutically important phytoconstituents showed the diversified response. Presence of antioxidants was confirmed in S. oleoides (2.14±SD mg/mL) in methanol extracts of leaves and water extract of leaves of W. somnifera (1.97±SD mg/mL). Methanolic extracts of leaves, bark and roots of both the medicinal plants showed inhibitory effects against both fungal and bacterial strains used. Our findings provide strong evidence that these medicinal plants possess phytoconstituents of pharmaceutical importance and thus may serve as an effective alternative to routine therapeutics.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Phytochemical Analysis of Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera: An Insight into Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capabilities AU - Javed Ali Lakho AU - Aneela Taj AU - Nadir Ali Rind AU - Syed Habib Ahmed Naqvi Y1 - 2021/03/10 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12 DO - 10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12 T2 - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry JF - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry JO - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry SP - 5 EP - 11 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2472-3576 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20210701.12 AB - Salvadora oleoides and Withania somnifera are the commonly found plants of Pakistan that are known to possess various medicinal properties. Present study was designed to evaluate the presence of various phytochemicals in these plants both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study was concluded with accessing the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of these phytochemicals against E. coli, Shigella Spp, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger. In addition qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents i.e. alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpanoids and quantitative analysis of total proteins, sugars, reducing sugars, phenolics and flavonoids was performed. Plant extracts were also checked for the existence of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results revealed the presence of a wide range of phytoconstituents including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in both the plants. Quantification of few pharmaceutically important phytoconstituents showed the diversified response. Presence of antioxidants was confirmed in S. oleoides (2.14±SD mg/mL) in methanol extracts of leaves and water extract of leaves of W. somnifera (1.97±SD mg/mL). Methanolic extracts of leaves, bark and roots of both the medicinal plants showed inhibitory effects against both fungal and bacterial strains used. Our findings provide strong evidence that these medicinal plants possess phytoconstituents of pharmaceutical importance and thus may serve as an effective alternative to routine therapeutics. VL - 7 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: