Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential

Meghala Rajeev; Pooja Bachani

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential

Meghala Rajeev, Pooja Bachani^*

Published in Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research (Volume 13, Issue 4)

Received: 5 November 2025 Accepted: 1 December 2025 Published: 26 December 2025

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Breast cancer continues to be the most often diagnosed malignancy among Indian women and a significant factor in cancer-related mortality. This study examines the reasons behind India's persistently elevated breast cancer mortality rates, despite increasing awareness and enhancements in healthcare infrastructure. Utilizing GLOBOCAN 2022 data, we examined age-stratified incidence and death trends and performed a Pareto analysis to determine the age groups that significantly impact the national illness burden. A comparative descriptive analysis of Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios (MIR) across India, North America, the United Kingdom, and South Korea was conducted to investigate global differences in cancer outcomes. The results show that women aged 35 to 79 make up the vast majority of breast cancer deaths in India. The MIR goes up continuously with age, which shows that there are long delays in finding the disease, unequal access to modern treatments, and ongoing problems with cancer registry reporting. The three high-income regions, on the other hand, had much lower MIR values. This shows how well systematic screening, early diagnosis, and integrated care pathways work, even though they are not yet fully in place in India. Pareto study showed that 85% of breast cancer diagnoses and deaths come from three main age categories: 35–49, 50–64, and 65–79. This shows which groups should be the focus of national screening and intervention programs. The paper also talks about the new possibilities of 3D bioprinting, which may make tumor models that are physiologically realistic, drug screening with high accuracy, and individualized solutions for reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy. Combining these biotechnological developments with public health policies could help India lower its breast cancer burden and make sure that everyone has better clinical results.

Published in	Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research (Volume 13, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
Page(s)	164-168
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cancer, Breast Cancer, India, Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio (MIR), 3D Bioprinting

References

[1]	Mathur, P., Sathishkumar, K., Chaturvedi, M., Das, P., Sudarshan, K. L., Santhappan, S., Nallasamy, V., John, A., Narasimhan, S., & Roselind, F. S. (2020). Cancer Statistics, 2020: Report from National Cancer Registry Programme, India. JCO Global Oncology, 6, 1063–1075. https://doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00122
[2]	Malhotra, G. K., Zhao, X., Band, H., & Band, V. (2010). Histological, molecular and functional subtypes of breast cancers. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 10(10), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.10.10.13879
[3]	Pramesh, C. S., Badwe, R. A., Borthakur, B. B., Chandra, M., Raj, E. H., Kannan, T., Kalwar, A., Kapoor, S., Malhotra, H., Nayak, S., Rath, G. K., Sagar, T. G., Sebastian, P., Sarin, R., Shanta, V., Sharma, S. C., Shukla, S., Vijayakumar, M., Vijaykumar, D. K.,... Sullivan, R. (2014). Delivery of affordable and equitable cancer care in India. The Lancet Oncology, 15(6), e223–e233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70117-2
[4]	Rijal, G., & Li, W. (2018). Native-mimicking in vitro microenvironment: an elusive and seductive future for tumor modeling and tissue engineering. Journal of Biological Engineering, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-018-0114-7
[5]	Kulothungan, V., Ramamoorthy, T., Sathishkumar, K., Mohan, R., Tomy, N., Miller, G. J., & Mathur, P. (2024). Burden of female breast cancer in India: estimates of YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs at national and subnational levels based on the national cancer registry programme. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 205(2), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-024-07264-3
[6]	Porter, P. (2008). “Westernizing” women’s risks? Breast cancer in Lower-Income countries. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(3), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp0708307
[7]	Sankaranarayanan, R. (2014). Screening for cancer in Low- and Middle-Income countries. Annals of Global Health, 80(5), 412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2014.09.014
[8]	Huang T, Jia CP, Jun Y, Sun WJ, Wang W. 3D bioprinting of a multicellular model for recapitulating the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer. Mater Today Adv. 2021; 12: 100176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100176
[9]	Dai, X., Cheng, H., Bai, Z., & Li, J. (2017). Breast cancer cell line classification and its relevance with breast tumor subtyping. Journal of Cancer, 8(16), 3131. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.18457
[10]	Neufeld, L., Yeini, E., Pozzi, S., & Satchi-Fainaro, R. (2022). 3D bioprinted cancer models: from basic biology to drug development. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 22(12), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-022-00514-w
[11]	Chaji, S., Al-Saleh, J., & Gomillion, C. T. (2020). Bioprinted three-dimensional cell-laden hydrogels to evaluate adipocyte-breast cancer cell interactions. Gels, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.3390/gels6010010
[12]	Mu, X., Zhang, J., & Jiang, Y. (2021). 3D printing in breast reconstruction: from bench to bed. Frontiers in surgery, 8, 641370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2021.641370
[13]	Mayer, H. F., Coloccini, A., & Viñas, J. F. (2024). Three-dimensional printing in breast reconstruction: current and promising applications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(11), 3278. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113278
[14]	Datta, P., Dey, M., Ataie, Z., Unutmaz, D., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2020). 3D bioprinting for reconstituting the cancer microenvironment. NPJ precision oncology, 4(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-020-0121-2
[15]	González-Callejo, P., Vázquez-Aristizabal, P., García-Astrain, C., de Aberasturi, D. J., Henriksen-Lacey, M., Izeta, A., & Liz-Marzán, L. M. (2023). 3D bioprinted breast tumor-stroma models for pre-clinical drug testing. Materials Today Bio, 23, 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100826

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Rajeev, M., Bachani, P. (2025). Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential. Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research, 13(4), 164-168. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Rajeev, M.; Bachani, P. Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential. J. Cancer Treat. Res. 2025, 13(4), 164-168. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Rajeev M, Bachani P. Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential. J Cancer Treat Res. 2025;13(4):164-168. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18,
  author = {Meghala Rajeev and Pooja Bachani},
  title = {Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential},
  journal = {Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {164-168},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jctr.20251304.18},
  abstract = {Breast cancer continues to be the most often diagnosed malignancy among Indian women and a significant factor in cancer-related mortality. This study examines the reasons behind India's persistently elevated breast cancer mortality rates, despite increasing awareness and enhancements in healthcare infrastructure. Utilizing GLOBOCAN 2022 data, we examined age-stratified incidence and death trends and performed a Pareto analysis to determine the age groups that significantly impact the national illness burden. A comparative descriptive analysis of Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios (MIR) across India, North America, the United Kingdom, and South Korea was conducted to investigate global differences in cancer outcomes. The results show that women aged 35 to 79 make up the vast majority of breast cancer deaths in India. The MIR goes up continuously with age, which shows that there are long delays in finding the disease, unequal access to modern treatments, and ongoing problems with cancer registry reporting. The three high-income regions, on the other hand, had much lower MIR values. This shows how well systematic screening, early diagnosis, and integrated care pathways work, even though they are not yet fully in place in India. Pareto study showed that 85% of breast cancer diagnoses and deaths come from three main age categories: 35–49, 50–64, and 65–79. This shows which groups should be the focus of national screening and intervention programs. The paper also talks about the new possibilities of 3D bioprinting, which may make tumor models that are physiologically realistic, drug screening with high accuracy, and individualized solutions for reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy. Combining these biotechnological developments with public health policies could help India lower its breast cancer burden and make sure that everyone has better clinical results.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential
AU  - Meghala Rajeev
AU  - Pooja Bachani
Y1  - 2025/12/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
T2  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JF  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JO  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
SP  - 164
EP  - 168
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7790
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
AB  - Breast cancer continues to be the most often diagnosed malignancy among Indian women and a significant factor in cancer-related mortality. This study examines the reasons behind India's persistently elevated breast cancer mortality rates, despite increasing awareness and enhancements in healthcare infrastructure. Utilizing GLOBOCAN 2022 data, we examined age-stratified incidence and death trends and performed a Pareto analysis to determine the age groups that significantly impact the national illness burden. A comparative descriptive analysis of Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios (MIR) across India, North America, the United Kingdom, and South Korea was conducted to investigate global differences in cancer outcomes. The results show that women aged 35 to 79 make up the vast majority of breast cancer deaths in India. The MIR goes up continuously with age, which shows that there are long delays in finding the disease, unequal access to modern treatments, and ongoing problems with cancer registry reporting. The three high-income regions, on the other hand, had much lower MIR values. This shows how well systematic screening, early diagnosis, and integrated care pathways work, even though they are not yet fully in place in India. Pareto study showed that 85% of breast cancer diagnoses and deaths come from three main age categories: 35–49, 50–64, and 65–79. This shows which groups should be the focus of national screening and intervention programs. The paper also talks about the new possibilities of 3D bioprinting, which may make tumor models that are physiologically realistic, drug screening with high accuracy, and individualized solutions for reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy. Combining these biotechnological developments with public health policies could help India lower its breast cancer burden and make sure that everyone has better clinical results.
VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Meghala Rajeev

The Shri Ram Universal School, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Pooja Bachani

Global R-hub, Mumbai, India

Download PDF

Submit an Article

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Rajeev, M., Bachani, P. (2025). Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential. Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research, 13(4), 164-168. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Rajeev, M.; Bachani, P. Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential. J. Cancer Treat. Res. 2025, 13(4), 164-168. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Rajeev M, Bachani P. Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential. J Cancer Treat Res. 2025;13(4):164-168. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18,
  author = {Meghala Rajeev and Pooja Bachani},
  title = {Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential},
  journal = {Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {164-168},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jctr.20251304.18},
  abstract = {Breast cancer continues to be the most often diagnosed malignancy among Indian women and a significant factor in cancer-related mortality. This study examines the reasons behind India's persistently elevated breast cancer mortality rates, despite increasing awareness and enhancements in healthcare infrastructure. Utilizing GLOBOCAN 2022 data, we examined age-stratified incidence and death trends and performed a Pareto analysis to determine the age groups that significantly impact the national illness burden. A comparative descriptive analysis of Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios (MIR) across India, North America, the United Kingdom, and South Korea was conducted to investigate global differences in cancer outcomes. The results show that women aged 35 to 79 make up the vast majority of breast cancer deaths in India. The MIR goes up continuously with age, which shows that there are long delays in finding the disease, unequal access to modern treatments, and ongoing problems with cancer registry reporting. The three high-income regions, on the other hand, had much lower MIR values. This shows how well systematic screening, early diagnosis, and integrated care pathways work, even though they are not yet fully in place in India. Pareto study showed that 85% of breast cancer diagnoses and deaths come from three main age categories: 35–49, 50–64, and 65–79. This shows which groups should be the focus of national screening and intervention programs. The paper also talks about the new possibilities of 3D bioprinting, which may make tumor models that are physiologically realistic, drug screening with high accuracy, and individualized solutions for reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy. Combining these biotechnological developments with public health policies could help India lower its breast cancer burden and make sure that everyone has better clinical results.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Examining India's Breast Cancer Mortality Incidence Disparities and 3D Bioprinting's Potential
AU  - Meghala Rajeev
AU  - Pooja Bachani
Y1  - 2025/12/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
T2  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JF  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JO  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
SP  - 164
EP  - 168
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7790
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20251304.18
AB  - Breast cancer continues to be the most often diagnosed malignancy among Indian women and a significant factor in cancer-related mortality. This study examines the reasons behind India's persistently elevated breast cancer mortality rates, despite increasing awareness and enhancements in healthcare infrastructure. Utilizing GLOBOCAN 2022 data, we examined age-stratified incidence and death trends and performed a Pareto analysis to determine the age groups that significantly impact the national illness burden. A comparative descriptive analysis of Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios (MIR) across India, North America, the United Kingdom, and South Korea was conducted to investigate global differences in cancer outcomes. The results show that women aged 35 to 79 make up the vast majority of breast cancer deaths in India. The MIR goes up continuously with age, which shows that there are long delays in finding the disease, unequal access to modern treatments, and ongoing problems with cancer registry reporting. The three high-income regions, on the other hand, had much lower MIR values. This shows how well systematic screening, early diagnosis, and integrated care pathways work, even though they are not yet fully in place in India. Pareto study showed that 85% of breast cancer diagnoses and deaths come from three main age categories: 35–49, 50–64, and 65–79. This shows which groups should be the focus of national screening and intervention programs. The paper also talks about the new possibilities of 3D bioprinting, which may make tumor models that are physiologically realistic, drug screening with high accuracy, and individualized solutions for reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy. Combining these biotechnological developments with public health policies could help India lower its breast cancer burden and make sure that everyone has better clinical results.
VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download