| Peer-Reviewed

Historical Context of the Treaties Between Genoa and the Golden Horde 1380 - 1381

Received: 21 March 2022     Accepted: 12 April 2022     Published: 20 April 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The year 1380 became one of the critical points in the history of Eastern Europe: the twenty-year civil war in the Ulus of Jochi ended, the Tatars suffered their first major defeat from Moscow in the Battle of Kulikovo, and a long-term system of political relations between Genoa and the Golden Horde developed in the Crimea. Each of these topics has a significant historiography. However, until today there is no comprehensive, systematic and holistic analysis of the relationship between these events. Even their mutual chronological sequence is not entirely clear. The causal relationships between them on the basis of the same sources are interpreted inconsistently, and in some cases - mutually exclusive. Important documents reflecting the political situation in the Ulus of Jochi at this turning point are two treaties signed by the Genoese consul of Kaffa and the Tatar governor of Solkhat in November 1380 and February 1381. This material analyzes political, legal, and economic provisions of the treaties of 1380–1381, the composition of the persons who participated in their signing, the circumstances of the concluding. Although the content of both documents is identical, and they differ only in the composition of the persons who signed them on the Horde’s side, the author believes that these are two independent acts. According to the author, both agreements were concluded on behalf of and in the interests of Toqtamïsh Khan. Wherein, based on numismatic data, the dating of the yarliq (jarlyg) to Bek Hajji and records in the Book of Caffan Massaria, the author is inclined to an early (before March 1380) dating of the establishment of Toqtamïsh Khan’ power in Crimea. The author is of the opinion that the existence of two agreements was in connection with a change of administration in Solkhat (although the details of this are unclear). He also considers N. Murzakevich’s assumption as highly probable in that the cession to the Genoese of Soldaia district and Crimean Gothia, stipulated by treaties, was a reward for the murder of Mamai which occurred perhaps between 28 November 1380 and 23 January 1381. The author offers three alternative scenarios for the development of events in the Crimea in autumn 1380 - early 1381 and propose further steps to establish the true one.

Published in International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14
Page(s) 49-65
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Genova, Caffa, Ulus of Jochi, Crimean Gothia, Soldaia, Toqtamïsh, Mamai

References
[1] Balard M. (1978). La Romanie Génoise(XIIe – début du XVe ciècle). 2 Vols. Genova: Nella Sede della Societá Ligure di Storia Patria. 1008 p.
[2] Basso E. (1991). Il "bellum de Sorchati" ed i trattati del 1380–1387 tra Genova e 1’Ordo d'Oro. Studi Genuensi. Genova, nuova seria, 8, 11–26.
[3] Basso E. (1994). Genova: un impero sul mare. Cagliari: Edizioni dell'Istituto sui Rapporti Italo-Iberici, 343 р.
[4] Belgrano L. T. (1872). Societá Ligure de Storia Patria. Anno XIV // Archivio Storico Italiano. Serie terza. 15 (67), 164–179.
[5] Canale M. (1855). Della Crimea del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori dale origini fino al dì nostri. Commentari storici. 2 Vols. Genova: Tipi del R.I. de’Sordo-Muti, 386 + 481 p.
[6] Ciocîltan V. (1994). Reichspolitik und Handel: Die tatarisch-genuesischen Verträge von 1380–1387 //Il Mar Nero: Annali di archeologia e storia. Vol. I. Roma: Quasar Di Severino Tognon, 261–278.
[7] Ciocîltan V. (2012). The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Willcocks S. (tr.). Leiden - Boston: Brill, 338 p. ISBN 978-90-04-23643-1.
[8] Desimoni C. (1887). Trattato dei Genovesi col Chan dei Tartari nel 1380–1381 scritto in lingua volgare // Archivio storico italiano fondata da G. P. Vieusseux.Firenze, 4-a ser. XX (161), 161–165.
[9] Epstein S. A. (2006). Purity Lost: Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000–1400. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 264 p. ISBN-13 978-0801884849.
[10] Heyd W. (1886). Histoire du commerce du Levant au Moyen Age. Tome II. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, libraire-éditeur, 799 p.
[11] Jorga N. (1896). Notes et extraits pour servir à l’histoire des Croisades au XVe siècle //Revue de l’Orient latin.Paris: Ernest Leroux, éditeur. IV, 25-118.
[12] Khvalkov E. A. (2015). The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation. Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute. Volume 1. Florence: European University Institute. 584 p.
[13] Kuun G. (1873). Adalékok Krím Történetéhez. Gróf Kuun Géza. Budapest: Eggenberger Ferdinand, M. Akad. Könyvárusnáe, 52 o.
[14] Lane-Poole S. (1881). Catalogue of Oriental Coins in The British Museum. Vol. VI / The Coins of The Mongols In The British Museum. Classes XVIII.-XXII. London: Longmans & Co. & al. - Berlin: Trübner & Co. - Paris: C. Rollin & Feu, 401 p.
[15] Oderico G. L. (1792). Lettere Ligustiche: ossia osservazioni critiche sullo stato geografico della Liguria fino ac tempi di Ottone il grande con le memorie di Caffa, ed altri luoghi della Crimea posseduti un tempo da’Genovesi. Bassano: Giuseppe Remondini e figli, xxii +(2) + 214 +(2) +16 p.
[16] Olivieri A. (1855). Carte e cronache manoscritte per la storia genovese esistenti nella biblioteca della R. Università Ligure. Genova: Tipi del R. I. de’ sordo-muti, 243 p.
[17] Pistarino G. (1971). Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti Rogati a Chilia da Antonio di Ponzò(1360–61). Genova: Istituto Internazionale di studi Liguri Bordighera, 228 p.
[18] Silvestre de Sacy A. I. (1827). Pièces diplomatiques tirées des archives de la république de Gènes par M. Silvestre de Sacy// Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi et autres bibliothèques. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Tome onzième, 1–96.
[19] Stryjkowski M. (1846). Kronika Polska, Litewska, Žmódzka і wszystkiej Rusi. T. 2. Warszawa: Nakład Gustawa Leona Glücksberga, Księgarza, 572 s.
[20] Vasiliev A. A. (1936). The Goths in the Crimea. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 294 p.
[21] Abdulgaffar Ky`ry`mi (2018). Umdet al-Akhbar. Kniga 2: Perevod. Seriya "Yazma Miras. Pis`mennoe Nasledie. Textual Heritage". Vyp. 5 / Per. s osmanskogo Yu.N. Karimovoj, I.M. Mirgaleeva; obshhaya i nauchnaya redakcziya, predislovie i kommentarii I.M. Mirgaleeva. Kazan`: Institut istorii im. Sh. Mardzhani AN RT, 200 s.ISBN 978-5-94981-302-7(In Russian).
[22] Artemov A. (2021) Mamay i Kulikovskaya bitva [Mamai and Battle of Kulikovo] // https://historicaldis.ru/blog/ 43210795725/Mamay-i-Kulikovskaya-bitva (In Russian).
[23] Balard M. (2016). Genueztsy i Zolotaya Orda [The Genoese and the Golden Horde]. Zolotaya Orda v mirovoy istorii[Golden Horde in World History]. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, pp. 598–608. ISBN978-5-94981-229-7(In Russian).
[24] Brun F. (1879). Chernomor'e (Sbornik issledovaniy po istoricheskoy geografii Yuzhnoy Rossii) [The Black Sea Region: Collection of Studies on the Historical Geography of Southern Russia]. Part 1. Odessa: G. Ulrih’sprintinghouse,. 411 p. (In Russian).
[25] Varvarovskiy Y. E. (2008). Ulus Dzhuchi v 60–70-e gody XIV veka [The Ulus of Jochi in the 1360s–70s]. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 128 p. ISBN 978-5-94981-101-6(In Russian).
[26] Volkov M. (1860). O sopernichestve Venetsii s Genueyu v XIV-m veke [On the rivalry of Venice and Genoa in the fourteenth century].Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities], vol. 4, pp. 151–236. (In Russian).
[27] Goncharov E. Y. (2008). Ocherk monetnogo dela v uluse Dzhuchi na rubezhe 770–780-kh gg. kh. Numizmaticheskiy kommentariy k knige I.M. Mirgaleeva "Politicheskaya istoriya Zolotoy Ordy perioda pravleniya Toktamysh-khana" [A sketch of monetary affairs in the ulus of Jochi at the turn of the 770s–780s AH. Numismatic commentary on the book of I.M. Mirgaleev "The Political History of the Golden Horde during the reign of Toqtamïsh Khan"]. Trudy Mezhdunarodnykh numizmaticheskikh konferentsiy "Monety i denezhnoe obrashchenie v mogol'skikh gosudarstvakh XIII–XV vekov". IV MNK, Bolgar 2005. V MNK, Volgograd 2006 [Proceedings of the International Numismatic Conferences “Coins and Money Circulation in the Mongol States from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries”. Fourth International Numismatic Conference, Bolghar 2005. Fifth International Numismatic Conference, Volgograd 2006]. Moscow: "Numismatic literature", 58–62. ISBN 9-785-90268910-2 (In Russian).
[28] Grigor'ev A. P. (2004). Sbornik hanskih yarlyikov russkim mitropolitam: Istochnikovedcheskiy analiz zolotoordyinskih dokumentov [Collection of Khan's Yarlyqs to Russian Metropolitans: Source Analysis of Golden Horde Documents]. SPb, Izd-vo S.-Peterb. un-ta, 276 s. ISBN 5-288-02581-9 (In Russian).
[29] Grigor'ev A. P. (2006). Zolotoordynskie yarlyki, poisk i interpretatsiya [The Golden Horde yarliqs: Search and Interpretation]. Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik, 2005 (2006): Tyurkskie narody Rossii i Velikoy stepi [Studia Turkologica, 2005 (2006): Turkic Peoples of Russia and the Great Steppe]. Moscow: "Oriental literature", 2006, 74–139. ISBN 5-02-018515-9 (In Russian).
[30] Grigor'ev A. P., Grigor'ev V. P. (2002). Kollektsiya zolotoordynskikh dokumentov XIV veka iz Venetsii: Istochnikovedcheskoe issledovanie [Collection of the fourteenth century Golden Horde’s Documents from Venice: A Source Study]. Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg State University, Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science, 2002. 278 p. ISBN 5-288-02427-8 (In Russian).
[31] Gulevich V. (2013). Zakhіdnі zemlі ulusu Dzhuchі v kіntsі XIII–XIV st. і Tuka-timuridi [Western lands of the ulus of Jochi in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and the Tuqa-Timurids]. Spetsіal'nі іstorichnі distsiplіni, pitannya teorіi i metodiki. Zbіrka naukovikh prats' [Special Historical Disciplines: Questions of Theory and Methodology. Collected Papers]. Boryak G. V., Tomazov V. V., and Khromova I. K. (eds). Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of History of Ukraine, 2013, no. 22–23, 138–178. ISSN 2307-3144 (In Ukrainian).
[32] Dzhanov A. V. (2018). Kaffa i Krym vo vtoroy polovine XIV v.(preimushchestvenno po dannym knig massarii Kaffy) [Caffa and Crimea in the second half of the fourteenth century(mostly according to the Massariae books of Caffa)]. Sugdeys'kiy zbіrnik [Sugdeian Collection]. Kyiv: "Gorobetz" Printing House, iss. 1 (7), pp. 42–303. ISBN 978-966-2377-42-2 (In Russian).
[33] Dzhanov A. V. (2020). Tataro-genue`zskie dogovory 1380 i 1381 godov [Tatar-Genoese Treaties of 1380 and 1381] // Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie [Golden Horde Review]. Kazan, 8 (4), 675–713.DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.675-713 (In Russian).
[34] Dolbe V. (2012). O skorosti i marshrute peredvizheniya puteshestvennikov serediny XIII veka na puti iz Saraya-Batu v Karakorum i obratno [About the Speed and Route of Movement of Travelers of the mid-thirteenth century on the Way from Sarai-Batu to Karakorum and Back]. Riga, 2012 // http://annales.info/step/dolbe/2karakorum.html (In Russian).
[35] Emanov A. G. (1997). Obrazovanie gorodskoy kommuny Kaffy(do ser. XV v.). Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni doktora istoricheskikh nauk [The Formation of the City Commune of Caffa (until the middle of the fifteenth century). PhD Thesis]. Ekaterinburg, 665 p.(In Russian).
[36] Zhuravel' A. V. (2017) Tokhtamysh, Mamay i data Kulikovskoy bitvy [Toqtamïsh, Mamai, and the date of the Battle of Kulikovo]. Novye istoricheskie perspektivy: ot Baltiki do Tikhogo okeana [New Historical Perspectives: From the Baltic to the Pacific], no. 2 (7)–3 (8), 27–31. (In Russian).
[37] Istoriya tatar (2009). Tom III: Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda). XIII – seredina XV v. [History of the Tatars, Vol. 3: The Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). From the thirteenth to the middle of the fifteenth century]. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 1112 p. ISBN 978-5-94981-142-9 (In Russian).
[38] Kniga massarii Kaffy 1381 g. (MC 1381) Massaria Caffae anno 1381 [Book of Massaria Caffae of 1381] (2018). In: Dzhanov A. V. Kaffa i Krym vo vtoroy polovine XIV v. (preimushchestvenno po dannym knig massarii Kaffy) [Caffa and Crimea in the second half of the fourteenth century (mostly according to the Massariae books of Caffa)]. Sugdeys'kiy zbіrnik [SugdeianCollection]. Kyiv: “Gorobetz” Printing House, iss. 1(7), 175–283. ISBN 978-966-2377-42-2 (In Russian).
[39] Lebedev V. P. (2011). Tri novyh krymskih klada zolotoordynskih monet [Three new Crimean hoards of the Golden Horde’s coins]. Vestnik Odesskogo muzeya numizmatiki [Bulletin of the Odessa Museum of Numismatics], no. 39, 10–18 (In Russian).
[40] Lebedev V. P. (2015). Serebryanyiy chekan Saraya v 760-800 gg. h [Silver coinage of Saray in 760-800 AH.] // http://muzeydeneg.ru/research/serebryanyiy-chekan -saraya-v-760-800-gg-h/ (In Russian).
[41] Lyaskoronskiy M. G. (1907). Russkie pokhody v stepi v udel'no-vechevoe vremya i pokhod kn. Vitovta na tatar v 1399 godu [Russian Campaigns in the Steppe during the Appanage and Veche Time and the Campaign of Prince Vitovt against Tatars in 1399]. Saint Petersburg: Senate Printing House, 123 p. (In Russian).
[42] Mirgaleev I. M. (2003). Politicheskaya istoriya Zolotoy Ordy perioda pravleniya Toktamysh-khana [The Political History of the Golden Horde during the Reign of Toqtamïsh Khan]. Kazan, Alma-Lit,. 164 p.. ISBN 5-98245-007-3 (In Russian).
[43] Murzakevich N. (1837) Istoriya genuezskih poselenij v Krymu [History of Genoese settlements in Crimea]. Odessa: V Gorodskoj Tipografii, 91+V p. (In Russian).
[44] Myts V.L. (2009). Kaffa i Feodoro v XV v. Kontakty i konflikty [Caffa and Theodoro in the fifteenth century. Contacts and Conflicts]. Simferopol: “Universum”, 528 p. ISBN 978-966-8048-40-1 (In Russian).
[45] Nabiev R. F. (2010). O vremeni zavoevaniya Tokhtamysh-khanom Zolotoy Ordy [On the time of the conquest of the Golden Horde by Toqtamïsh Khan]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye nauki [Scholarly Notes of Kazan University. Humanities Series]. 152 (3 (1)), 107–118 (In Russian).
[46] Pamyatniki Kulikovskogo tsikla (1998). [Monuments of the Kulikovo Cycle] / Pod red. Ryibakova B.A., Kuchkina V.A. SPb, BLITS, 416 s. ISBN-13 5867890333 (In Russian).
[47] Povedanie i skazanie o poboische velikago knyazya Dimitriya Ivanovicha Donskago [Narrative and Legend about the Battle of Greate Prince Dimitry Ivanovich Donskoy] (1838) // Russkiy IstoricheskIy Sbornik. Tom tretiy. M., V Universitetskoy Tipografii, 1-81 (In Russian).
[48] Pole Kulikovo. Skazaniya o bitve na Donu (1980). [Kulikovo Field. Tales of the Battle on the Don] / Sostavlenie, podgotovka tekstov, posleslovie i primechaniya L.A.Dmitrieva. Vstupitelnaya statya D.S. Lihacheva. M., “Sovetskaya Rossiya”, 220p. (In Russian).
[49] Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey (1848). Tom chetvertyy. V: Novgorodskie i pskovskie letopisi [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Fourth Volume, V: Novgorod and Pskov Chronicles]. Saint Petersburg, Eduard Prats’s Printing House, 372 p. (In Russian).
[50] Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey (1897). Tom odinnadtsatyy, VIII: Letopisnyy sbornik, imenuemyy Patriarsheyu ili Nikonovskoyu letopis'yu [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Eleventh Volume, VIII: Chronicle Collection Called the Patriarchal or Nikonian Chronicle]. SaintPetersburg: I.N. Skorokhodov’s Printing House, 262 p. (In Russian).
[51] Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey (1922). T. 15, Izd. 2, Vyp. 1: Rogozhskiy letopisets [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, T. 15, Ed. 2, no. 1: Rogozhsky Chronicle]. Petrograd: s.n., 216 p. (In Russian).
[52] Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey (1980). T. 35: Letopisi belorussko-litovskie [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 35: Belarusian-Lithuanian Chronicles]. Moscow: “Science”, 313 p. (In Russian).
[53] Ponomaryov A. L. (2000). Naselenie i territoriya genuezskoy Kaffy po dannym bukhgalterskoy knigi Massarii – kaznacheystva za 1381–1382 gg. [The population and territory of the Genoese Caffa according to the Massariae (Treasury) Account Book for 1381–1382]. Prichernomor'e v Srednie veka [Black Sea Region in the Middle Ages]. Saint Petersburg: “Aleteia”, iss. 4, 317–443. ISBN 5893292480 (In Russian).
[54] Ponomaryov A. L. (2005). Putevoditel' po rukopisi massarii Kaffy 1374 g. Liber massariae Caffae tempore regiminis egregii viri domini Iuliani de Castro consulis Caffae MCCCLXXIV nunc indicatus et a pluribus mendis purgatus [Manuscript guide to the Massaria Caffae for 1374. Liber massariae Caffae tempore regiminis egregii viri domini Iuliani de Castro consulis Caffae MCCCLXXIV nunc indicatus et a pluribus mendis purgatus]. Prichernomor'e v Srednie veka [Black Sea Region in the Middle Ages]. Saint Petersburg: “Aleteia”, iss. 6, 43 - 138 ISBN 5-89329-793-5(InRussian).
[55] Ponomaryov A. L. (2013). Pervye khany Kryma: khronologiya smuty 1420-kh godov v schetakh genuezskogo kaznacheystva Kaffy [The early Khans of Crimea: The chronology of the turmoil in the accounts of the Genoese Treasury of Caffa, 1420s]. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie [Golden Horde Review]. Kazan, 2, 158–190 (In Russian).
[56] Pochekaev R. Y. (2010). Tsari Ordynskie. Biografii khanov i praviteley Zolotoy Ordy [TheTsars of the Horde. Biographies of Khans and Rulers of the Golden Horde]. Saint Petersburg: “Eurasia”, 408 p. (In Russian).
[57] Pyrsov Y.E. (2002). Katalog dzhuchidskih monet Saratovskogo oblastnogo muzeya kraevedeniya [Catalog of Jochid Coins of the Saratov Regional Museum of Local History]. Kazan, Izdatelstvo Kazanskogo universiteta, 64 s. ISBN 13: 9785746407498 (In Russian).
[58] Reva R. Y. and Bragin A. O. (2017). Istoriya Priaral'ya v kontse XIV veka po letopisnym i numizmaticheskim dannym (Chast' 2. Sobytiya 781–793 godov khidzhry) [The history of the Aral Sea Region at the end of the fourteenth century according to the Annalistic and Numismatic Data (Part 2: Events of the years 781–793)]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya., 16(3): Arkheologiya i etnografiya [Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series: History, Philology, 16 (3): Archaeology and Ethnography], 89-97 (In Russian).
[59] Rykin P. O. (2007). Tityam: ob odnom kitayskom titule v srednevekovykh russkikh letopisyakh [Titiam: About one Chinese title in medieval Russian chronicles]. AB-60. Sbornik statey k 60-letiyu Al'berta Kashfullovicha Bayburina [AB-60. Collection of articles dedicated to the 60th anniversary of Albert Kashfullovich Bayburin]. SaintPetersburg: European University Press in Saint Petersburg, 475–492. ISBN 978-5-94380-065-8 (In Russian).
[60] Sabitov Zh. M. (2014). Emiry Uzbek-khana i Dzhanibek-khana [Emirs of Uzbek Khan and Janibek Khan]. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie [Golden Horde Review]. Kazan, 2(4), 120-134 (In Russian).
[61] Sagdeeva G. Z. (2005). Serebryanye monety khanov Zolotoy Ordy [Silver Coins of the Khans of the Golden Horde]. Moscow, Goryachay liniya – Telecom, 77 p. ISBN 5-93517-261-5 (In Russian).
[62] Salmina M. A. (1977). Esche raz o datirovke “Letopisnoy povesti” o Kulikovskoy bitve [Once again about the dating of the “Chronicle Tale” about the Battle of Kulikovo] // Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoy literatury Instituta russkoy literatury AN SSSR, XXXII. L., Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1-39.
[63] Seleznyov Y. V. (2009) Elita Zolotoy Ordy. Nauchno-spravochnoe izdanie [The Golden Horde’s Elite. Reference Edition]. Kazan: “FEN”, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 232 p. ISBN 978-5-9690-0068-1 (In Russian).
[64] Seleznyov Y. V. (2011). Eshche raz o date vydachi khanom Toktamyshem tarkhannogo yarlyka Bek-Khodzhi i noveyshikh izyskaniyakh R.F. Nabieva [Once again about the date of the Toqtamïsh Khan tarkhan yarliq’s granting to Bek-Khoja and the latest research of R.F. Nabiev]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki [Scholarly Notes of Kazan University. Humanitarian Studies]. Kazan, 2011, 153 (3), 267–272 (In Russian).
[65] Sidorenko V. A. (2000). Hronologiya pravleniy zolotoordyinskih hanov 1357-1380 gg. [Chronology of the reigns of the Golden Horde khans 1357-1380]// Materialy po arheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii[Materials on Archeology, History and Ethnography of Tavria], VII. Simferopol, 267-288 (In Russian).
[66] Sidorenko V. A. (2020). Bek Bulat (Pulad) i nachalo vyipuska genuezsko-tatarskih monet Kaffy [Bek Bulat (Pulad) and the beginning of the issue of the Genoese-Tatar coins of Kaffa //] // Materialy po arheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials on Archeology, History and Ethnography of Tavria]. XXIV. Simferopol, 423-453 (In Russuan).
[67] Skrzhinskaya E. Ch. (2006). Sudakskaya krepost'. Istoriya – arkheologiya – epigrafika. Sbornik rabot i materialov [TheSudakFortress. History – Archaeology – Epigraphy. Collected Works and Materials]. Kyiv – Sudak – Saint Petersburg: Akademperiodica, 380 p. (In Russian).
[68] Smirnov V. D. (1887). Krymskoe khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Otomanskoy Porty do nachala XVIII veka [Crimean Khanate under the Rule of the Ottoman Port until the beginning of the eighteenth century]. Saint Petersburg: University Printing House in Kazan, 769 p. (In Russian).
[69] Talakh V. N. (2021a). Tatarsko-genuezskie dogovory 1380 i 1381 goda v istoricheskom kontekste [Tatar-Genoese treaties of 1380 and 1381 in a historical context] // Zolotoordyinskoe obozrenie [Golden Horde Review]. Kazan, 9 (1), 108-148. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-1.108-148.
[70] Talakh V. M. (2021b). Ordynsko-genuezki dogovory 1380 ta 1381 rokiv u istorichnomu konteksti. Novi pereklady dogovoriv // https://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/History/HordeGenovaTreaties1380-1/NewTranslation.html (In Ukrainian).
[71] Tizengauzen V. G. (1884). Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy, Tom I: Izvlecheniya iz sochineniy arabskikh [Collection of Materials Related to the History of the Golden Horde, Vol. 1: Excerpts from the Arabic Works]. Saint Petersburg: Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 564 p. (In Russian).
[72] Ötemish Hajji (2017). Kara tavarikh. Mirgaleev I. M., Sayfetdinova E. G., and Khafizova Z. T. (eds and tr.). Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 312 p. ISBN 978-5-94981-267-9 (In Russian).
[73] Fedorov-Davydov G. A. (1960). Klady dzhuchidskih monet [Jochid Coin Hoards] // Numizmatika I epigrafika [Numismatics and Epigraphy]. T. I. M., Institut arheologii AN SSSR, 94 – 192 (In Russian).
[74] Fedorov-Davydov G. A. (1978) Dve zametki po zolotoordynskoy numizmatike [Two notes on the Golden Horde’s numismatics]. Voprosy drevney i srednevekovoy arkheologii Vostochnoy Evropy [Questions of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of Eastern Europe]. Moscow: “Nauka”, 249–254 (In Russian).
[75] Fedorov-Davydov G. A. and Mukhametshin D. G. (2018) Karatunskiy klad dzhuchidskikh monet XIV veka [The fourteenth century Karatun’s Hoard of Jochid Coins]. Vol. 1. Kazan: Paleograph, Publishing House of Kazan University, 384 p. (In Russian).
[76] Tsybul'skiy V. V. (1964). Sovremennye kalendari stran Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka, sinkhronisticheskie tablitsy i poyasneniya [Modern Calendars of the Countries of the Near and Middle East, Synchronous Tables and Explanations]. Moscow: “Nauka”, 236 p.(In Russian).
[77] Cherkas B. (2013). Zakhіdnі volodіnnya Zolotoї Ordi v 1380–1399 rr. (polіtichniy aspekt) [Western possessions of the Golden Horde in 1380–1399(political aspect)]. In: Ukraina v Tsentral'no-Skhіdnіy Yevropі [Ukraine in Central and Eastern Europe]. Kyiv, Institute of History of Ukraine, iss. 12–13, 190-209 (In Ukrainian).
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Victor Mykolayovych Talakh. (2022). Historical Context of the Treaties Between Genoa and the Golden Horde 1380 - 1381. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 10(2), 49-65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Victor Mykolayovych Talakh. Historical Context of the Treaties Between Genoa and the Golden Horde 1380 - 1381. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2022, 10(2), 49-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Victor Mykolayovych Talakh. Historical Context of the Treaties Between Genoa and the Golden Horde 1380 - 1381. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2022;10(2):49-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14,
      author = {Victor Mykolayovych Talakh},
      title = {Historical Context of the Treaties Between Genoa and the Golden Horde 1380 - 1381},
      journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
      volume = {10},
      number = {2},
      pages = {49-65},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20221002.14},
      abstract = {The year 1380 became one of the critical points in the history of Eastern Europe: the twenty-year civil war in the Ulus of Jochi ended, the Tatars suffered their first major defeat from Moscow in the Battle of Kulikovo, and a long-term system of political relations between Genoa and the Golden Horde developed in the Crimea. Each of these topics has a significant historiography. However, until today there is no comprehensive, systematic and holistic analysis of the relationship between these events. Even their mutual chronological sequence is not entirely clear. The causal relationships between them on the basis of the same sources are interpreted inconsistently, and in some cases - mutually exclusive. Important documents reflecting the political situation in the Ulus of Jochi at this turning point are two treaties signed by the Genoese consul of Kaffa and the Tatar governor of Solkhat in November 1380 and February 1381. This material analyzes political, legal, and economic provisions of the treaties of 1380–1381, the composition of the persons who participated in their signing, the circumstances of the concluding. Although the content of both documents is identical, and they differ only in the composition of the persons who signed them on the Horde’s side, the author believes that these are two independent acts. According to the author, both agreements were concluded on behalf of and in the interests of Toqtamïsh Khan. Wherein, based on numismatic data, the dating of the yarliq (jarlyg) to Bek Hajji and records in the Book of Caffan Massaria, the author is inclined to an early (before March 1380) dating of the establishment of Toqtamïsh Khan’ power in Crimea. The author is of the opinion that the existence of two agreements was in connection with a change of administration in Solkhat (although the details of this are unclear). He also considers N. Murzakevich’s assumption as highly probable in that the cession to the Genoese of Soldaia district and Crimean Gothia, stipulated by treaties, was a reward for the murder of Mamai which occurred perhaps between 28 November 1380 and 23 January 1381. The author offers three alternative scenarios for the development of events in the Crimea in autumn 1380 - early 1381 and propose further steps to establish the true one.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Historical Context of the Treaties Between Genoa and the Golden Horde 1380 - 1381
    AU  - Victor Mykolayovych Talakh
    Y1  - 2022/04/20
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14
    T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
    JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
    JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
    SP  - 49
    EP  - 65
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-7420
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20221002.14
    AB  - The year 1380 became one of the critical points in the history of Eastern Europe: the twenty-year civil war in the Ulus of Jochi ended, the Tatars suffered their first major defeat from Moscow in the Battle of Kulikovo, and a long-term system of political relations between Genoa and the Golden Horde developed in the Crimea. Each of these topics has a significant historiography. However, until today there is no comprehensive, systematic and holistic analysis of the relationship between these events. Even their mutual chronological sequence is not entirely clear. The causal relationships between them on the basis of the same sources are interpreted inconsistently, and in some cases - mutually exclusive. Important documents reflecting the political situation in the Ulus of Jochi at this turning point are two treaties signed by the Genoese consul of Kaffa and the Tatar governor of Solkhat in November 1380 and February 1381. This material analyzes political, legal, and economic provisions of the treaties of 1380–1381, the composition of the persons who participated in their signing, the circumstances of the concluding. Although the content of both documents is identical, and they differ only in the composition of the persons who signed them on the Horde’s side, the author believes that these are two independent acts. According to the author, both agreements were concluded on behalf of and in the interests of Toqtamïsh Khan. Wherein, based on numismatic data, the dating of the yarliq (jarlyg) to Bek Hajji and records in the Book of Caffan Massaria, the author is inclined to an early (before March 1380) dating of the establishment of Toqtamïsh Khan’ power in Crimea. The author is of the opinion that the existence of two agreements was in connection with a change of administration in Solkhat (although the details of this are unclear). He also considers N. Murzakevich’s assumption as highly probable in that the cession to the Genoese of Soldaia district and Crimean Gothia, stipulated by treaties, was a reward for the murder of Mamai which occurred perhaps between 28 November 1380 and 23 January 1381. The author offers three alternative scenarios for the development of events in the Crimea in autumn 1380 - early 1381 and propose further steps to establish the true one.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Independent Researcher, Kyiv, Ukraine

  • Sections