Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal

Manimekalai Kalidhasan; Ranjithkumar Arumugam

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

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Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal

Manimekalai Kalidhasan, Ranjithkumar Arumugam

Published in International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 8, Issue 6)

Received: 10 October 2020 Accepted: 28 October 2020 Published: 27 November 2020

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Abstract

Reproductive health is fundamental to social and economic development of a family, community as well as nation, and a key component of an equitable society. Reproductive health is important for gender equality and women empowerment. Women’s reproductive health status is poor, and their sexual and reproductive rights are not fully raised in many countries, maternal mortality rates are higher, and women’s, chances of dying of pregnancy-related complications are almost 50 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Women are particularly vulnerable and also have a lack of knowledge regarding reproductive health in India. Reproductive health is a concept of human rights. Important areas of concern for reproductive health programmes in India are poor quality of reproductive health services especially in an urgent situation; lack of focus of adolescent’s knowledge on reproductive health and lack of education. Women in India and particularly the economically disadvantaged women suffer the highest rates of complications due to pregnancy such as sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive cancers. Lack of access to comprehensive reproductive care is the main reason, and many women suffer and die. Women are deprived of access to reproductive health care services and are influenced by the socio-economic cultural factors. Which include low social status in family and community, lack of access to economic resource and education, inability to make a decision about their health, nutrition and so on? Reproductive health facilities at the community level are poorly equipped to deal with gynecological and obstetric. Reproductive health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive systems and to its functions and processes’ (United States: 1994). Reproductive health addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life and implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce and the freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. The main objectives of this study are; to study the reproductive health situation in an Indian context, to know the problems of women in respective of their reproductive system, the study aims at assessing the reproductive health status of Indian women, and to understand the relationship between reproductive health and gender rights.

Published in	International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 8, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12
Page(s)	138-143
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Reproductive Rights, Human Rights, Equality, Social Status, Indian Women

References

[1]	Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development Cairo, 5–13 September 1994.
[2]	Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development Cairo, 5–13 September 1994.
[3]	Flavia Bustreo (2015), Women’s and Children’s Health through the Life-course, World Health Organization, Accessed on 27.10.2020, Available from: https://www.who.int/life-course/news/2015-intl-womens-day/en/
[4]	Guang-zhen Wang and Vijayan K. Pillai( 2001): Women's Reproductive Health: A Gender-Sensitive Human Rights Approach ActaSociologica, Vol 44, Issue 3.
[5]	Alex George (2002): Quality of Reproductive Care in Private Hospitals in Andhra Pradesh: Women's Perception, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 37(17), pp.1686-1692.
[6]	Jejeebhoy, Shireen J. 1999. Reproductive Health Information in India: What are the Gaps? Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34(42 & 43), pp.3075 – 3080.
[7]	SundariRavindran T. K., & Mishra, U. S. (2001): Unmet Need for Reproductive Health in India. Reproductive Health Matters, vol.9 (18), pp.105-113. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3776157.
[8]	Partners for Law in Development and SAMA Resource Group for Women and Health (2018): Status of Human Rights in the context of Sexual health and Reproductive health Rights in India, National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi.
[9]	Maria Jessy Jose andFarahNaazFathima (2019): Knowledge Regarding Reproductive Health Among Women Of Reproductive Age Group In Three Sub-Centre Areas Of A Primary Health Center, Sarjapur, Bengaluru, Karnataka: A Cross Sectional Study, International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, Vol.6(9), pp.4082-4087.
[10]	Muttreja, P., & Singh, S. (2018). Family planning in India: The way forward, The Indian journal of medical research, vol. 148(Suppl), pp. S1–S9.
[11]	ShikhaBhasinet. al (2020): Services for women’s sexual and reproductive health in India: an analysis of treatment-seeking for symptoms of reproductive tract infections in a nationally representative survey, BMC Women's Health, vol.20, No.156
[12]	Shamila S, Sasikala S.(2011) Primary report on the risk factors affecting female in fertility in South Indian districts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Indian Journal of Community Medicine vol.36. pp.59-61.
[13]	National Health Portal (2015): About Sexual and Reproductive Health Awareness Day, Accessed on 10.27.2020 from https://www.nhp.gov.in/about-sexual-and-reproductive-health-awareness-day_pg.
[14]	Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978.
[15]	Department of Extra Mural Studies & Distance Education (2008): Reproductive Health, International institute for Population Sciences, MPS-13, Block-1, Mumbai, 2008.
[16]	Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development Cairo, 5–13 September 1994.

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Manimekalai Kalidhasan, Ranjithkumar Arumugam. (2020). Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 8(6), 138-143. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

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ACS Style

Manimekalai Kalidhasan; Ranjithkumar Arumugam. Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2020, 8(6), 138-143. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

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AMA Style

Manimekalai Kalidhasan, Ranjithkumar Arumugam. Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2020;8(6):138-143. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12,
  author = {Manimekalai Kalidhasan and Ranjithkumar Arumugam},
  title = {Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal},
  journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {138-143},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20200806.12},
  abstract = {Reproductive health is fundamental to social and economic development of a family, community as well as nation, and a key component of an equitable society. Reproductive health is important for gender equality and women empowerment. Women’s reproductive health status is poor, and their sexual and reproductive rights are not fully raised in many countries, maternal mortality rates are higher, and women’s, chances of dying of pregnancy-related complications are almost 50 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Women are particularly vulnerable and also have a lack of knowledge regarding reproductive health in India. Reproductive health is a concept of human rights. Important areas of concern for reproductive health programmes in India are poor quality of reproductive health services especially in an urgent situation; lack of focus of adolescent’s knowledge on reproductive health and lack of education. Women in India and particularly the economically disadvantaged women suffer the highest rates of complications due to pregnancy such as sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive cancers. Lack of access to comprehensive reproductive care is the main reason, and many women suffer and die. Women are deprived of access to reproductive health care services and are influenced by the socio-economic cultural factors. Which include low social status in family and community, lack of access to economic resource and education, inability to make a decision about their health, nutrition and so on? Reproductive health facilities at the community level are poorly equipped to deal with gynecological and obstetric. Reproductive health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive systems and to its functions and processes’ (United States: 1994). Reproductive health addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life and implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce and the freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. The main objectives of this study are; to study the reproductive health situation in an Indian context, to know the problems of women in respective of their reproductive system, the study aims at assessing the reproductive health status of Indian women, and to understand the relationship between reproductive health and gender rights.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal
AU  - Manimekalai Kalidhasan
AU  - Ranjithkumar Arumugam
Y1  - 2020/11/27
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12
T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
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EP  - 143
PB  - Science Publishing Group
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12
AB  - Reproductive health is fundamental to social and economic development of a family, community as well as nation, and a key component of an equitable society. Reproductive health is important for gender equality and women empowerment. Women’s reproductive health status is poor, and their sexual and reproductive rights are not fully raised in many countries, maternal mortality rates are higher, and women’s, chances of dying of pregnancy-related complications are almost 50 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Women are particularly vulnerable and also have a lack of knowledge regarding reproductive health in India. Reproductive health is a concept of human rights. Important areas of concern for reproductive health programmes in India are poor quality of reproductive health services especially in an urgent situation; lack of focus of adolescent’s knowledge on reproductive health and lack of education. Women in India and particularly the economically disadvantaged women suffer the highest rates of complications due to pregnancy such as sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive cancers. Lack of access to comprehensive reproductive care is the main reason, and many women suffer and die. Women are deprived of access to reproductive health care services and are influenced by the socio-economic cultural factors. Which include low social status in family and community, lack of access to economic resource and education, inability to make a decision about their health, nutrition and so on? Reproductive health facilities at the community level are poorly equipped to deal with gynecological and obstetric. Reproductive health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive systems and to its functions and processes’ (United States: 1994). Reproductive health addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life and implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce and the freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. The main objectives of this study are; to study the reproductive health situation in an Indian context, to know the problems of women in respective of their reproductive system, the study aims at assessing the reproductive health status of Indian women, and to understand the relationship between reproductive health and gender rights.
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Manimekalai Kalidhasan

Department of Women’s Studies, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
Ranjithkumar Arumugam

Department of Women’s Studies, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India

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APA Style

Manimekalai Kalidhasan, Ranjithkumar Arumugam. (2020). Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 8(6), 138-143. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

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ACS Style

Manimekalai Kalidhasan; Ranjithkumar Arumugam. Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2020, 8(6), 138-143. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

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AMA Style

Manimekalai Kalidhasan, Ranjithkumar Arumugam. Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2020;8(6):138-143. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12,
  author = {Manimekalai Kalidhasan and Ranjithkumar Arumugam},
  title = {Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal},
  journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {138-143},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20200806.12},
  abstract = {Reproductive health is fundamental to social and economic development of a family, community as well as nation, and a key component of an equitable society. Reproductive health is important for gender equality and women empowerment. Women’s reproductive health status is poor, and their sexual and reproductive rights are not fully raised in many countries, maternal mortality rates are higher, and women’s, chances of dying of pregnancy-related complications are almost 50 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Women are particularly vulnerable and also have a lack of knowledge regarding reproductive health in India. Reproductive health is a concept of human rights. Important areas of concern for reproductive health programmes in India are poor quality of reproductive health services especially in an urgent situation; lack of focus of adolescent’s knowledge on reproductive health and lack of education. Women in India and particularly the economically disadvantaged women suffer the highest rates of complications due to pregnancy such as sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive cancers. Lack of access to comprehensive reproductive care is the main reason, and many women suffer and die. Women are deprived of access to reproductive health care services and are influenced by the socio-economic cultural factors. Which include low social status in family and community, lack of access to economic resource and education, inability to make a decision about their health, nutrition and so on? Reproductive health facilities at the community level are poorly equipped to deal with gynecological and obstetric. Reproductive health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive systems and to its functions and processes’ (United States: 1994). Reproductive health addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life and implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce and the freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. The main objectives of this study are; to study the reproductive health situation in an Indian context, to know the problems of women in respective of their reproductive system, the study aims at assessing the reproductive health status of Indian women, and to understand the relationship between reproductive health and gender rights.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Reproductive Health Status of Indian Women: A Critical Appraisal
AU  - Manimekalai Kalidhasan
AU  - Ranjithkumar Arumugam
Y1  - 2020/11/27
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12
T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
SP  - 138
EP  - 143
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7420
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20200806.12
AB  - Reproductive health is fundamental to social and economic development of a family, community as well as nation, and a key component of an equitable society. Reproductive health is important for gender equality and women empowerment. Women’s reproductive health status is poor, and their sexual and reproductive rights are not fully raised in many countries, maternal mortality rates are higher, and women’s, chances of dying of pregnancy-related complications are almost 50 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Women are particularly vulnerable and also have a lack of knowledge regarding reproductive health in India. Reproductive health is a concept of human rights. Important areas of concern for reproductive health programmes in India are poor quality of reproductive health services especially in an urgent situation; lack of focus of adolescent’s knowledge on reproductive health and lack of education. Women in India and particularly the economically disadvantaged women suffer the highest rates of complications due to pregnancy such as sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive cancers. Lack of access to comprehensive reproductive care is the main reason, and many women suffer and die. Women are deprived of access to reproductive health care services and are influenced by the socio-economic cultural factors. Which include low social status in family and community, lack of access to economic resource and education, inability to make a decision about their health, nutrition and so on? Reproductive health facilities at the community level are poorly equipped to deal with gynecological and obstetric. Reproductive health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive systems and to its functions and processes’ (United States: 1994). Reproductive health addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life and implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capacity to reproduce and the freedom to decide, when and how often to do so. The main objectives of this study are; to study the reproductive health situation in an Indian context, to know the problems of women in respective of their reproductive system, the study aims at assessing the reproductive health status of Indian women, and to understand the relationship between reproductive health and gender rights.
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
ER  -

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