Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe; Mfonobong Charles Uko; Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

| Peer-Reviewed

Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe, Mfonobong Charles Uko, Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe

Published in International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics (Volume 1, Issue 4)

Received: 16 October 2016 Accepted: 17 November 2016 Published: 12 January 2017

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

In this paper, point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor are determined using radiosonde data on meteorological parameters obtained in Calabar, Nigeria. The meteorological parameters used are air temperature, pressure and humidity obtained from the radiosonde data archive of Nigerian Meteorological Agency. In view of the poor spatial resolution of radiosonde data, inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation technique is used to obtain the missing data at certain height of interest in the study. The results obtained showed that the point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor showed monthly and seasonal variations. Specifically, Calabar has annual average Point Refractivity Gradient (dN) and Geoclimatic Factor (K) of -125.508 N-units/Km and 6.53762E-05 respectively. The largest dN value of -25.4683 N-units/Km occurred in May whereas the smallest value of -305.2692 N-units/Km occurred in November. Furthermore, there is higher value of point refractivity gradient in the rainy season than in the dry season whereas there is lower value of geoclimatic factor in the rainy season than in the dry season.

Published in	International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics (Volume 1, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
Page(s)	76-81
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Refractivity Gradient, Geoclimatic Factor, Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation, Clear-Air Fading Mechanism, Multipath Fading, Spatial Interpolation

References

[1]	Dinc, Ergin, and Ozgur Akan. "Beyond-line-of-sight communications with ducting layer." Communications Magazine, IEEE 52.10 (2014): 37-43.
[2]	Raychaudhuri, Dipankar, and Narayan B. Mandayam. "Frontiers of wireless and mobile communications." Proceedings of the IEEE 100.4 (2012): 824-840.
[3]	Steenkiste, P., Sicker, D., Minden, G., & Raychaudhuri, D. (2009, March). Future directions in cognitive radio network research. In NSF workshop report (Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-2).
[4]	Jalden, N. (2010). Analysis and Modelling of Joint ChannelProperties from Multi-site, Multi-Antenna RadioMeasurements.
[5]	Mason, Samuel P. Atmospheric effects on radio frequency (RF) wave propagation in a humid, near-surface environment. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, 2010.
[6]	Zubair, Muhammad, et al. "Atmospheric influences on satellite communications." Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 87.5 (2011): 261-264.
[7]	Karagianni, E. A., et al. "Atmospheric Effects on EM Propagation and Weather Effects on the Performance of a Dual Band Antenna for WLAN Communications." (2014).
[8]	Shambayati, Shervin. "Atmosphere attenuation and noise temperature at microwave frequencies." Low-Noise Systems in the Deep Space Network (2008): 255-280.
[9]	Asiyo, Mike Omondi, and Thomas Joachim Odhia Afullo. "Statistical estimation of fade depth and outage probability due to multipath propagation in Southern Africa." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 46 (2013): 251-274.
[10]	Ononiwu, Gordon, Simeon Ozuomba, and Constance Kalu. "Determination Of The Dominant Fading And The Effective Fading For The Rain Zones In The Itu-R P. 838-3 Recommendation." European Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Vol 2.2 (2015).
[11]	OJO, OL, et al. "Estimation Of Clear-Air Fades Depth Due To Radio Climatological Parameters For Microwave Link Applications In Akure, Nigeria." International Journal of Engineering 7.03 (2015): 8269.
[12]	Grabner, M., and V. Kvicera. "Introduction to project of refractive index measurement in Prague." Antennas and Propagation, 2003.(ICAP 2003). Twelfth International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 491). Vol. 2. IET, 2003.
[13]	Ele, I. E. and Nkang, M. O. “Analysis of Production Determinants and Technical Efficiency in Crayfish Production in the Lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria”. Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 2 ~ Issue 11 (2014) pp: 30-36.
[14]	Bettouche, Yamina, Basile L. Agba, and Ammar B. Kouki. "Geoclimatic factor and point refractivity evaluation in Quebec-Canada." General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), 2014 XXXIth URSI. IEEE, 2014.
[15]	Göktas, Polat. Analysis and implementation of prediction models for the design of fixed terrestrial point-to-point systems. Diss. bilkent university, 2015.
[16]	Ugwu, Ernest Benjamin Ikechukwu, Maureen Chioma Umeh, and Obiageli Josephine Ugonabo. "Microwave propagation attenuation due to earths atmosphere at very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands in Nsukka under a clear air condition." International Journal of Physical Sciences 10.11 (2015): 359-363.
[17]	Serdega, V., and G. Ivanovs. "Refraction seasonal variation and that influence on to GHz range microwaves availability." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 78.6 (2015): 39-42.
[18]	Seybold J. S. “Introduction to RF propagation. WileyInterscience.” John Willey and Sons, Inc.: pp. 116-118.
[19]	Chaudhary, Naveen Kumar, D. K. Trivedi, and Roopam Gupta. "Radio Link Reliability in Indian Semi-Desert Terrain under Foggy Conditions." International Journal of Latest Trends in Computing (E-ISSN: 2045-5364) 47.
[20]	Bettouche, Yamina, Basile L. Agba, and Ammar B. Kouki. "Geoclimatic factor and point refractivity evaluation in Quebec-Canada." General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), 2014 XXXIth URSI. IEEE, 2014.
[21]	ITU-R, “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems”, Recommendation of ITU-R P.530-14, Geneva, 2012.
[22]	Asiyo, M. O., and T. J. O. Afullo. "Spatial Interpolation for Mapping Geoclimatic Factor K in South Africa." Session 2P8: 401.
[23]	Li, J. (2008). A review of spatial interpolation methods for environmental scientists.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe, Mfonobong Charles Uko, Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe. (2017). Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data. International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics, 1(4), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe; Mfonobong Charles Uko; Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe. Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data. Int. J. Syst. Sci. Appl. Math. 2017, 1(4), 76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe, Mfonobong Charles Uko, Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe. Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data. Int J Syst Sci Appl Math. 2017;1(4):76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17,
  author = {Iniobong Jackson Etokebe and Mfonobong Charles Uko and Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe},
  title = {Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data},
  journal = {International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {76-81},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssam.20160104.17},
  abstract = {In this paper, point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor are determined using radiosonde data on meteorological parameters obtained in Calabar, Nigeria. The meteorological parameters used are air temperature, pressure and humidity obtained from the radiosonde data archive of Nigerian Meteorological Agency. In view of the poor spatial resolution of radiosonde data, inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation technique is used to obtain the missing data at certain height of interest in the study. The results obtained showed that the point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor showed monthly and seasonal variations. Specifically, Calabar has annual average Point Refractivity Gradient (dN) and Geoclimatic Factor (K) of -125.508 N-units/Km and 6.53762E-05 respectively. The largest dN value of -25.4683 N-units/Km occurred in May whereas the smallest value of -305.2692 N-units/Km occurred in November. Furthermore, there is higher value of point refractivity gradient in the rainy season than in the dry season whereas there is lower value of geoclimatic factor in the rainy season than in the dry season.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data
AU  - Iniobong Jackson Etokebe
AU  - Mfonobong Charles Uko
AU  - Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe
Y1  - 2017/01/12
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
T2  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JF  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JO  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
SP  - 76
EP  - 81
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5803
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
AB  - In this paper, point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor are determined using radiosonde data on meteorological parameters obtained in Calabar, Nigeria. The meteorological parameters used are air temperature, pressure and humidity obtained from the radiosonde data archive of Nigerian Meteorological Agency. In view of the poor spatial resolution of radiosonde data, inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation technique is used to obtain the missing data at certain height of interest in the study. The results obtained showed that the point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor showed monthly and seasonal variations. Specifically, Calabar has annual average Point Refractivity Gradient (dN) and Geoclimatic Factor (K) of -125.508 N-units/Km and 6.53762E-05 respectively. The largest dN value of -25.4683 N-units/Km occurred in May whereas the smallest value of -305.2692 N-units/Km occurred in November. Furthermore, there is higher value of point refractivity gradient in the rainy season than in the dry season whereas there is lower value of geoclimatic factor in the rainy season than in the dry season.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe

Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria
Mfonobong Charles Uko

Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria
Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe, Mfonobong Charles Uko, Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe. (2017). Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data. International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics, 1(4), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe; Mfonobong Charles Uko; Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe. Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data. Int. J. Syst. Sci. Appl. Math. 2017, 1(4), 76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Iniobong Jackson Etokebe, Mfonobong Charles Uko, Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe. Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data. Int J Syst Sci Appl Math. 2017;1(4):76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17,
  author = {Iniobong Jackson Etokebe and Mfonobong Charles Uko and Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe},
  title = {Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data},
  journal = {International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {76-81},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssam.20160104.17},
  abstract = {In this paper, point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor are determined using radiosonde data on meteorological parameters obtained in Calabar, Nigeria. The meteorological parameters used are air temperature, pressure and humidity obtained from the radiosonde data archive of Nigerian Meteorological Agency. In view of the poor spatial resolution of radiosonde data, inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation technique is used to obtain the missing data at certain height of interest in the study. The results obtained showed that the point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor showed monthly and seasonal variations. Specifically, Calabar has annual average Point Refractivity Gradient (dN) and Geoclimatic Factor (K) of -125.508 N-units/Km and 6.53762E-05 respectively. The largest dN value of -25.4683 N-units/Km occurred in May whereas the smallest value of -305.2692 N-units/Km occurred in November. Furthermore, there is higher value of point refractivity gradient in the rainy season than in the dry season whereas there is lower value of geoclimatic factor in the rainy season than in the dry season.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor Using Radiosonde Data and Inverse Distance Weighting Spatial Interpolation for Missing Data
AU  - Iniobong Jackson Etokebe
AU  - Mfonobong Charles Uko
AU  - Iwuchukwu Uchechi Chinwe
Y1  - 2017/01/12
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
T2  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JF  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JO  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
SP  - 76
EP  - 81
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5803
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.17
AB  - In this paper, point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor are determined using radiosonde data on meteorological parameters obtained in Calabar, Nigeria. The meteorological parameters used are air temperature, pressure and humidity obtained from the radiosonde data archive of Nigerian Meteorological Agency. In view of the poor spatial resolution of radiosonde data, inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation technique is used to obtain the missing data at certain height of interest in the study. The results obtained showed that the point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor showed monthly and seasonal variations. Specifically, Calabar has annual average Point Refractivity Gradient (dN) and Geoclimatic Factor (K) of -125.508 N-units/Km and 6.53762E-05 respectively. The largest dN value of -25.4683 N-units/Km occurred in May whereas the smallest value of -305.2692 N-units/Km occurred in November. Furthermore, there is higher value of point refractivity gradient in the rainy season than in the dry season whereas there is lower value of geoclimatic factor in the rainy season than in the dry season.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download