Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Ishtiaq Anwar; Saman Waqar; Anam Altaf

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Ishtiaq Anwar, Saman Waqar, Anam Altaf

Published in International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 2, Issue 1)

Received: 21 December 2016 Accepted: 5 January 2017 Published: 29 January 2017

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Abstract

Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-Shifa trust. After 6-8 months a follow up visit was conducted for assessing the compliance of spectacles. Information on age, gender, school system, type of refractive error etc was collected and analyzed to associate with compliance of spectacles.The non compliance rate in school going children of Rawalpindi District was 59%.A significant higher proportion of boys (20.7%) were wearing spectacles than girls (20.5%) (P<0.05). Compliance of spectacles were positively associated with age (P=0.000), type of refractive error (P=0.008), father education (P=0.000), mothers occupation (P=0.000) and fathers occupation (P=0.000)(C.I=95%). The reasons of non compliance include broken (16%), forgot at home (13%), lost (9%), peer pressure (19%), don’t like spectacles (28%) and poor financial conditions (15%). The compliance rate was found to be 41%. The school screening services should include follow up visits to ensure compliance of spectacles. Counseling of parents, teachers, students and providing spectacles free of cost will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance.

Published in	International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
Page(s)	1-4
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Compliance, Spectacles, Non Compliance, Vision Screening

References

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[2]	Khandekar R, Mohammed AJ, Al Raisi A. Compliance of spectacle wear and its determinants among schoolchildren of Dhakhiliya region of Oman: A descriptive study. SQU J Sci Res - Med Sci. 2002 Apr;4(1–2):39–43.
[3]	Holguin AMC, Congdon N, Patel N, Ratcliffe A, Esteso P, Flores ST, et al. Factors Associated with Spectacle-Wear Compliance in School-Aged Mexican Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Mar 1;47(3):925–8.
[4]	Gogate P, Mukhopadhyaya D, Mahadik A, Naduvilath TJ, Sane S, Shinde A, et al. Spectacle compliance amongst rural secondary school children in Pune district, India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013 Feb;61(1):8–12.
[5]	Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Raissi B, Mohammad K. Uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle utilisation rate in Tehran: the unmet need. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 May;90(5):534–7.
[6]	Khurana. Theory And Practice Of Optics And Refraction. Elsevier India; 2008. 464 p.
[7]	Lamoureux EL, Saw S-M, Thumboo J, Wee HL, Aung T, Mitchell P, et al. The impact of corrected and uncorrected refractive error on visual functioning: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Jun;50(6):2614–20.
[8]	Gull A, Raza A. Visual Screening and Refractive Errors among school aged children. J Rawalpindi Med Coll JRMC. 2014;18:97–100.
[9]	Congdon N, Zheng M, Sharma A, Choi K, Song Y, Zhang M, et al. Prevalence and determinants of spectacle nonwear among rural Chinese secondary schoolchildren: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study Report 3. Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960. 2008 Dec;126(12):1717–23.
[10]	Padhye AS, Khandekar R, Dharmadhikari S, Dole K, Gogate P, Deshpande M. Prevalence of uncorrected refractive error and other eye problems among urban and rural school children. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2009 Apr;16(2):69–74.
[11]	Wedner S, Masanja H, Bowman R, Todd J, Bowman R, Gilbert C. Two strategies for correcting refractive errors in school students in Tanzania: randomised comparison, with implications for screening programmes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jan;92(1):19–24.
[12]	Horwood J, Waylen A, Herrick D, Williams C, Wolke D. Common visual defects and peer victimization in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Apr;46(4):1177–81.
[13]	Chawla K, Rovers J. Survey of Patient Opinions on Eyeglasses and Eye Care in Rural and Slum Populations in Chennai. Internet J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2009 Dec 31 [cited 2017 Jan 3]; 8(2). Available from: http://ispub.com/IJE/8/2/13165.
[14]	Dandona R, Dandona L, Kovai V, Giridhar P, Prasad MN, Srinivas M. Population-based study of spectacles use in Southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun 1;50(2):145.

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APA Style

Ishtiaq Anwar, Saman Waqar, Anam Altaf. (2017). Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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ACS Style

Ishtiaq Anwar; Saman Waqar; Anam Altaf. Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2017, 2(1), 1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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AMA Style

Ishtiaq Anwar, Saman Waqar, Anam Altaf. Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;2(1):1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11,
  author = {Ishtiaq Anwar and Saman Waqar and Anam Altaf},
  title = {Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-4},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20170201.11},
  abstract = {Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-Shifa trust. After 6-8 months a follow up visit was conducted for assessing the compliance of spectacles. Information on age, gender, school system, type of refractive error etc was collected and analyzed to associate with compliance of spectacles.The non compliance rate in school going children of Rawalpindi District was 59%.A significant higher proportion of boys (20.7%) were wearing spectacles than girls (20.5%) (P<0.05). Compliance of spectacles were positively associated with age (P=0.000), type of refractive error (P=0.008), father education (P=0.000), mothers occupation (P=0.000) and fathers occupation (P=0.000)(C.I=95%). The reasons of non compliance include broken (16%), forgot at home (13%), lost (9%), peer pressure (19%), don’t like spectacles (28%) and poor financial conditions (15%). The compliance rate was found to be 41%. The school screening services should include follow up visits to ensure compliance of spectacles. Counseling of parents, teachers, students and providing spectacles free of cost will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan
AU  - Ishtiaq Anwar
AU  - Saman Waqar
AU  - Anam Altaf
Y1  - 2017/01/29
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 4
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3858
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
AB  - Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-Shifa trust. After 6-8 months a follow up visit was conducted for assessing the compliance of spectacles. Information on age, gender, school system, type of refractive error etc was collected and analyzed to associate with compliance of spectacles.The non compliance rate in school going children of Rawalpindi District was 59%.A significant higher proportion of boys (20.7%) were wearing spectacles than girls (20.5%) (P<0.05). Compliance of spectacles were positively associated with age (P=0.000), type of refractive error (P=0.008), father education (P=0.000), mothers occupation (P=0.000) and fathers occupation (P=0.000)(C.I=95%). The reasons of non compliance include broken (16%), forgot at home (13%), lost (9%), peer pressure (19%), don’t like spectacles (28%) and poor financial conditions (15%). The compliance rate was found to be 41%. The school screening services should include follow up visits to ensure compliance of spectacles. Counseling of parents, teachers, students and providing spectacles free of cost will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ishtiaq Anwar

Department of Opthalmology, Eye Donors Organization (EDO), WahCantt, Pakistan
Saman Waqar

Al-Shifa School of Public Health, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Anam Altaf

Department of Opthalmology, Eye Donors Organization (EDO), WahCantt, Pakistan

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APA Style

Ishtiaq Anwar, Saman Waqar, Anam Altaf. (2017). Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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ACS Style

Ishtiaq Anwar; Saman Waqar; Anam Altaf. Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2017, 2(1), 1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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AMA Style

Ishtiaq Anwar, Saman Waqar, Anam Altaf. Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;2(1):1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11,
  author = {Ishtiaq Anwar and Saman Waqar and Anam Altaf},
  title = {Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-4},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20170201.11},
  abstract = {Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-Shifa trust. After 6-8 months a follow up visit was conducted for assessing the compliance of spectacles. Information on age, gender, school system, type of refractive error etc was collected and analyzed to associate with compliance of spectacles.The non compliance rate in school going children of Rawalpindi District was 59%.A significant higher proportion of boys (20.7%) were wearing spectacles than girls (20.5%) (P<0.05). Compliance of spectacles were positively associated with age (P=0.000), type of refractive error (P=0.008), father education (P=0.000), mothers occupation (P=0.000) and fathers occupation (P=0.000)(C.I=95%). The reasons of non compliance include broken (16%), forgot at home (13%), lost (9%), peer pressure (19%), don’t like spectacles (28%) and poor financial conditions (15%). The compliance rate was found to be 41%. The school screening services should include follow up visits to ensure compliance of spectacles. Counseling of parents, teachers, students and providing spectacles free of cost will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan
AU  - Ishtiaq Anwar
AU  - Saman Waqar
AU  - Anam Altaf
Y1  - 2017/01/29
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 4
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3858
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
AB  - Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-Shifa trust. After 6-8 months a follow up visit was conducted for assessing the compliance of spectacles. Information on age, gender, school system, type of refractive error etc was collected and analyzed to associate with compliance of spectacles.The non compliance rate in school going children of Rawalpindi District was 59%.A significant higher proportion of boys (20.7%) were wearing spectacles than girls (20.5%) (P<0.05). Compliance of spectacles were positively associated with age (P=0.000), type of refractive error (P=0.008), father education (P=0.000), mothers occupation (P=0.000) and fathers occupation (P=0.000)(C.I=95%). The reasons of non compliance include broken (16%), forgot at home (13%), lost (9%), peer pressure (19%), don’t like spectacles (28%) and poor financial conditions (15%). The compliance rate was found to be 41%. The school screening services should include follow up visits to ensure compliance of spectacles. Counseling of parents, teachers, students and providing spectacles free of cost will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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