Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway)

Nabin Bhandari

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

| Peer-Reviewed

Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway)

Nabin Bhandari

Published in International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 22 February 2022 Accepted: 14 March 2022 Published: 29 March 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Plant's phenological development depends on multiple environmental factors and among these, temperature plays a key role during the early phenological development of plants. Temperature becomes even more significant in influencing phenological development in the areas that are covered with snow for a certain period a year. However, a rapid change in global temperature can be noticed in the scenario of climate change (CC). This study investigates the relationship between early phenological development of three apple cultivars i.e., Red Aroma, Summerred and Discovery with cumulative growing degree days (CGDDs) in the southern part of Norway and finds a strong positive correlation between them while moving from the green top stage to the fruit diameter (10mm) stage in the year 2016. In the similar way, study finds phenological development in two consecutive years i.e., 2015 and 2016 alike in a holistic approach. However, in the individual case of Discovery, phenological development of the year 2015 varies from 2016. In addition to that, CGGDs from first six months of two successive years seems to be similar. To gain all these results, this study made the use of multiple statistical tests. Study argues that; it is not always true that phenological development and CGDDs of one year vary from the next. Nevertheless, this study recommends for some long-term studies in the region that can generate concrete idea about phenology considering multiple environmental variables.

Published in	International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
Page(s)	59-66
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Apple, Phenology, Temperature, Cumulative Growing Degree Days (CGDDs)

References

[1]	Bairam, E., Sahli, A., & Sahli, H. (2012). Analysing global climatic change and its impact on fruit tree phenology using ClimaTree tool: Example of Anna apple tree under Tunisian conditions. In (pp. 38-42).
[2]	Britannica, E. (2016). Lapse rate. In Encyclopædia Britannica.
[3]	Casique, R. R. (2015). Phenology and effect of climate on apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) in Norway. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, https://scholar.google.no/scholar?hl=no&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Phenology+and+effect+of+climate+on+apple+cultivars+%28Malus+domestica+Borkh.%29+in+Norway&btnG=
[4]	Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Struhsaker, T. T., Zanne, A. E., Clark, C. J., & Poulsen, J. R. (2005). A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. Journal of Tropical ecology, 21 (01), 31-45.
[5]	Chen, I.-C., Hill, J. K., Ohlemüller, R., Roy, D. B., & Thomas, C. D. (2011). Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming. Science, 333 (6045), 1024-1026.
[6]	Chuine, I., Bonhomme, M., Legave, J. M., García De Cortázar-Atauri, I., Charrier, G., Lacointe, A., & Améglio, T. (2016). Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break. Global Change Biology, 22 (10), 3444-3460. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13383.
[7]	Cleland, E. E., Chiariello, N. R., Loarie, S. R., Mooney, H. A., & Field, C. B. (2006). Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (37), 13740-13744.
[8]	Cleland, E. E., Chuine, I., Menzel, A., Mooney, H. A., & Schwartz, M. D. (2007). Shifting plant phenology in response to global change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22 (7), 357-365.
[9]	Cole, E. F., & Sheldon, B. C. (2017). The shifting phenological landscape: Within-and between-species variation in leaf emergence in a mixed-deciduous woodland. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (4), 1135-1147.
[10]	Eccel, E., Rea, R., Caffarra, A., & Crisci, A. (2009). Risk of spring frost to apple production under future climate scenarios: the role of phenological acclimation. International Journal of Biometeorology, 53 (3), 273-286.
[11]	Eklima. (2018). Free access to weather- and climate data from Norwegian Meteorological Institute from historical data to real time observations. monthly normal values. http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/pls/portal.
[12]	Førland, E. J., & Alfnes, E. (2007). Climate change and natural disasters in Norway: an assessment of possible future changes. In Met.no report (online), Vol. no. 06/2007.
[13]	Forrest, J., & Miller-Rushing, A. J. (2010). Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution. In: The Royal Society.
[14]	Ghelardini, L., Falusi, M., & Santini, A. (2006). Variation in timing of bud-burst of Ulmus minor clones from different geographical origins. Canadian journal of forest research, 36 (8), 1982-1991.
[15]	Gjershaug, J. O. (2009). Alien species and climate change in Norway: an assessment of the risk of spread due to global warming. In NINA rapport (online), Vol. 468.
[16]	Gratz, J. (2016). Does Elevation Affect Temperature. ON THE SNOW.
[17]	Guédon, Y., & Legave, J. M. (2008). Analyzing the time-course variation of apple and pear tree dates of flowering stages in the global warming context. ecological modelling, 219 (1), 189-199.
[18]	Hanssen-Bauer, I., Førland, E. J., Haddeland, I., Hisdal, H., Mayer, S., Nesje, A., Ådlandsvik, B. (2017). Climate in Norway 2100.http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/Documents/publikasjoner/M741/M741.pdf
[19]	Herms, D. A. (2004). Using degree-days and plant phenology to predict pest activity. IPM (integrated pest management) of midwest landscapes, 49-59.
[20]	Höhn, H. (2008). Kernobst - Phänologie. Retrieved from http://www.agrometeo.ch/phenologie/stadesarbosa.pdf
[21]	Hunter, A. F., & Lechowicz, M. J. (1992). Predicting the timing of budburst in temperate trees. Journal of Applied Ecology, 597-604.
[22]	IPCC. (2007). Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262260453
[23]	Jackson, J. E. (2003). The biology of apples and pears: Cambridge University Press.
[24]	Jones, P. G., & Thornton, P. K. (2003). The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055. Global environmental change, 13 (1), 51-59.
[25]	Karmeshu, N. (2012). Trend detection in annual temperature & precipitation using the Mann Kendall test–a case study to assess climate change on select states in the northeastern United States.
[26]	Klimaservicesenter, N. (2016). Klimaprofil Telemark, Norway: https://www.fylkesmannen.no/Documents/Dokument%20FMTE/Milj%C3%B8%20og%20klima/Klima/Klimaprofil%20Telemark.pdf
[27]	Legave, J., Christen, D., Giovannini, D., & Oger, R. (2008). Global warming in Europe and its impacts on floral bud phenology in fruit species. Paper presented at the Workshop on Berry Production in Changing Climate Conditions and Cultivation Systems. COST-Action 863: Euroberry Research: from 838.
[28]	Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., & Wanner, H. (2004). European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500. Science (New York, N.Y.), 303 (5663), 1499.
[29]	Massonnet, C., Costes, E., Rambal, S., Dreyer, E., & Regnard, J. L. (2007). Stomatal Regulation of Photosynthesis in Apple Leaves: Evidence for Different Water-use Strategies between Two Cultivars. Annals of Botany, 100 (6), 1347-1356.
[30]	Medel, G., Medel, F., Huber, A., & McConchie, C. (2012). Phenological Development and Growing Degree Days in Gevuina avellana Mol. Paper presented at the VIII International Congress on Hazelnut 1052.
[31]	Menéndez, R., Megías, A. G., Hill, J. K., Braschler, B., Willis, S. G., Collingham, Y. Thomas, C. D. (2006). Species richness changes lag behind climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 273 (1593), 1465-1470.
[32]	Miller, P., Lanier, W., & Brandt, S. (2001). Using growing degree days to predict plant stages. Ag/Extension Communications Coordinator, Communications Services, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, MO. http://store.msuextension.org/publications/agandnaturalresources/mt200103ag.
[33]	Moola, F., & Mallik, A. (1998). Phenology of Vaccinium spp. in a black spruce (Picea mariana) plantation in northwestern Ontario: possible implications for the timing of forest herbicide treatments. Canadian journal of forest research, 28 (10), 1579-1585.
[34]	Morinaga, K. (2018). Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. Impact of Climate Change on Horticulture Industry and Technological Countermeasures in Japan. http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20120104150721
[35]	Moritz, C., Patton, J. L., Conroy, C. J., Parra, J. L., White, G. C., & Beissinger, S. R. (2008). Impact of a century of climate change on small-mammal communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science, 322 (5899), 261-264.
[36]	NGU. (2018a). Berggrunn N250 (M 1: 250 000). http://geo.ngu.no/kart/minkommune/?kommunenr=822
[37]	NGU. (2018b). løsmasser. http://geo.ngu.no/kart/minkommune/?kommunenr=822
[38]	NMI. (2017). Air temperature, cloud cover and precipitation. http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/pls/portal/BATCH_ORDER.PORTLET_UTIL.Download_BLob?p_BatchId=874206&p_IntervalId=1684474
[39]	Nordli, Ø., Wielgolaski, F.-E., Bakken, A. K., Hjeltnes, S. H., Måge, F., Sivle, A., & Skre, O. (2008). Regional trends for bud burst and flowering of woody plants in Norway as related to climate change. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52 (7), 625-639.
[40]	Nursery, K. (2017). Summerred Apple. https://www.keepers-nursery.co.uk/fruit-trees/apple/early-season-eating-apple/summerred
[41]	Oulton, R. (2004). Discovery Apples. [2007.05.14]. http://www.cooksinfo.com/discovery-apples
[42]	Oulton, R. (2006). Aroma Apples. [2009.06.30]. http://www.cooksinfo.com/aroma-apples
[43]	Parmesan, C., & Yohe, G. (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421 (6918), 37-42.
[44]	Pippin, O. (Producer). (2015). Aroma apple. https://www.orangepippin.com/apples/aroma
[45]	Rathcke, B., & Lacey, E. P. (1985). Phenological Patterns of Terrestrial Plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16, 179-214.
[46]	Rivero, R., Sønsteby, A., Heide, O. M., Måge, F., & Remberg, S. F. (2017). Flowering phenology and the interrelations between phenological stages in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) as influenced by the Nordic climate. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 67 (4), 292-302. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2016.1267256.
[47]	Røen, D. (1996). Apple breeding in Norway. Paper presented at the Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 484.
[48]	Ruml, M., & Vulić, T. (2005). Importance of phenological observations and predictions in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade, 50 (2), 217-225.
[49]	Saxe, H., Cannell, M. G., Johnsen, Ø., Ryan, M. G., & Vourlitis, G. (2001). Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming. New Phytologist, 149 (3), 369-399.
[50]	Scott, D. (1969). Determining the type of relationship between plants and environmental factors. Paper presented at the Proceedings (New Zealand Ecological Society).
[51]	Sen, V., Rana, R. S., & Chauhan, R. (2015). Impact of climate variability on apple production and diversity in Kullu valley, Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 72 (1), 14-20.
[52]	Sletten, A., Hofsvang, T., Rafoss, T., & Sundheim, L. (2012). Pest risk assessment for apple proliferation phytoplasma (“Candidatus Phytoplasma mali”). Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), 11, 905-907.
[53]	SMHI. (2012). SMHI. Temperature. http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/temperatur-1.3843
[54]	Statista. (2018). Agricultural area used for apple production in Norway from 2010 to 2016 (in hectares). https://www.statista.com/statistics/713391/agricultural-area-used-for-apple-production-in-norway/
[55]	Stromberg, J. (2013). Climate Change Is Altering the Taste and Texture of Fuji Apples. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/climate-change-is-altering-the-taste-and-texture-of-fuji-apples-44558/
[56]	Talbert, C., Kern, T. J., Morisette, J., Brown, D., & James, K. (2013). MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox, US Geological Survey.
[57]	Thornews. (2013). ThorNews supplier of norwegian culture. Norwegian Apple Day – October 17th. https://thornews.com/2013/10/17/norwegian-apple-day-october-17th/
[58]	Tjomsland, A. (2014). Climate change could lead to more Norwegian fruit. http://sciencenordic.com/climate-change-could-lead-more-norwegian-fruit
[59]	Uleberg, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Oort, B., & Dalmannsdottir, S. (2014). Impact of climate change on agriculture in Northern Norway and potential strategies for adaptation. An Interdisciplinary, International Journal Devoted to the Description, Causes and Implications of Climatic Change, 122 (1), 27-39. doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0983-1.
[60]	Walther, G.-R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J. C., Bairlein, F. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416 (6879), 389-395.
[61]	White, M. A., Thornton, P. E., & Running, S. W. (1997). A continental phenology model for monitoring vegetation responses to interannual climatic variability. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11 (2), 217-234.
[62]	Wilkinson, E. (2000). Plant-environment interactions. In Books in soils, plants, and the environment, Vol. v. 77. R. E. Wilkinson (Ed.).
[63]	Wolfe, D. W., Schwartz, M. D., Lakso, A. N., Otsuki, Y., Pool, R. M., & Shaulis, N. J. (2005). Climate change and shifts in spring phenology of three horticultural woody perennials in northeastern USA. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49 (5), 303-309.
[64]	Yazdanpanah, H., Ohadi, D., & Soleimani, M. (2010). Forecasting different phenological phases of apple using artificial neural network. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science, 6 (2), 97-106.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nabin Bhandari. (2022). Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway). International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 7(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nabin Bhandari. Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway). Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2022, 7(1), 59-66. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nabin Bhandari. Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway). Int J Nat Resour Ecol Manag. 2022;7(1):59-66. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18,
  author = {Nabin Bhandari},
  title = {Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway)},
  journal = {International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {59-66},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnrem.20220701.18},
  abstract = {Plant's phenological development depends on multiple environmental factors and among these, temperature plays a key role during the early phenological development of plants. Temperature becomes even more significant in influencing phenological development in the areas that are covered with snow for a certain period a year. However, a rapid change in global temperature can be noticed in the scenario of climate change (CC). This study investigates the relationship between early phenological development of three apple cultivars i.e., Red Aroma, Summerred and Discovery with cumulative growing degree days (CGDDs) in the southern part of Norway and finds a strong positive correlation between them while moving from the green top stage to the fruit diameter (10mm) stage in the year 2016. In the similar way, study finds phenological development in two consecutive years i.e., 2015 and 2016 alike in a holistic approach. However, in the individual case of Discovery, phenological development of the year 2015 varies from 2016. In addition to that, CGGDs from first six months of two successive years seems to be similar. To gain all these results, this study made the use of multiple statistical tests. Study argues that; it is not always true that phenological development and CGDDs of one year vary from the next. Nevertheless, this study recommends for some long-term studies in the region that can generate concrete idea about phenology considering multiple environmental variables.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway)
AU  - Nabin Bhandari
Y1  - 2022/03/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
T2  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JF  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JO  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
SP  - 59
EP  - 66
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3061
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
AB  - Plant's phenological development depends on multiple environmental factors and among these, temperature plays a key role during the early phenological development of plants. Temperature becomes even more significant in influencing phenological development in the areas that are covered with snow for a certain period a year. However, a rapid change in global temperature can be noticed in the scenario of climate change (CC). This study investigates the relationship between early phenological development of three apple cultivars i.e., Red Aroma, Summerred and Discovery with cumulative growing degree days (CGDDs) in the southern part of Norway and finds a strong positive correlation between them while moving from the green top stage to the fruit diameter (10mm) stage in the year 2016. In the similar way, study finds phenological development in two consecutive years i.e., 2015 and 2016 alike in a holistic approach. However, in the individual case of Discovery, phenological development of the year 2015 varies from 2016. In addition to that, CGGDs from first six months of two successive years seems to be similar. To gain all these results, this study made the use of multiple statistical tests. Study argues that; it is not always true that phenological development and CGDDs of one year vary from the next. Nevertheless, this study recommends for some long-term studies in the region that can generate concrete idea about phenology considering multiple environmental variables.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Nabin Bhandari

Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, B?, Norway

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nabin Bhandari. (2022). Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway). International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 7(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nabin Bhandari. Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway). Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2022, 7(1), 59-66. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nabin Bhandari. Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway). Int J Nat Resour Ecol Manag. 2022;7(1):59-66. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18,
  author = {Nabin Bhandari},
  title = {Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway)},
  journal = {International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {59-66},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnrem.20220701.18},
  abstract = {Plant's phenological development depends on multiple environmental factors and among these, temperature plays a key role during the early phenological development of plants. Temperature becomes even more significant in influencing phenological development in the areas that are covered with snow for a certain period a year. However, a rapid change in global temperature can be noticed in the scenario of climate change (CC). This study investigates the relationship between early phenological development of three apple cultivars i.e., Red Aroma, Summerred and Discovery with cumulative growing degree days (CGDDs) in the southern part of Norway and finds a strong positive correlation between them while moving from the green top stage to the fruit diameter (10mm) stage in the year 2016. In the similar way, study finds phenological development in two consecutive years i.e., 2015 and 2016 alike in a holistic approach. However, in the individual case of Discovery, phenological development of the year 2015 varies from 2016. In addition to that, CGGDs from first six months of two successive years seems to be similar. To gain all these results, this study made the use of multiple statistical tests. Study argues that; it is not always true that phenological development and CGDDs of one year vary from the next. Nevertheless, this study recommends for some long-term studies in the region that can generate concrete idea about phenology considering multiple environmental variables.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Apple Tree Phenology in Relation to Temperature in Sauherad (Norway)
AU  - Nabin Bhandari
Y1  - 2022/03/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
T2  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JF  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JO  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
SP  - 59
EP  - 66
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3061
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20220701.18
AB  - Plant's phenological development depends on multiple environmental factors and among these, temperature plays a key role during the early phenological development of plants. Temperature becomes even more significant in influencing phenological development in the areas that are covered with snow for a certain period a year. However, a rapid change in global temperature can be noticed in the scenario of climate change (CC). This study investigates the relationship between early phenological development of three apple cultivars i.e., Red Aroma, Summerred and Discovery with cumulative growing degree days (CGDDs) in the southern part of Norway and finds a strong positive correlation between them while moving from the green top stage to the fruit diameter (10mm) stage in the year 2016. In the similar way, study finds phenological development in two consecutive years i.e., 2015 and 2016 alike in a holistic approach. However, in the individual case of Discovery, phenological development of the year 2015 varies from 2016. In addition to that, CGGDs from first six months of two successive years seems to be similar. To gain all these results, this study made the use of multiple statistical tests. Study argues that; it is not always true that phenological development and CGDDs of one year vary from the next. Nevertheless, this study recommends for some long-term studies in the region that can generate concrete idea about phenology considering multiple environmental variables.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download