Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa

Odafivwotu Ohwo; Tonye Vivian Odubo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa

Odafivwotu Ohwo, Tonye Vivian Odubo

Published in International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 2 July 2021 Accepted: 29 July 2021 Published: 9 August 2021

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Abstract

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the 2019 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, which contained disaggregated data on wealth quintiles. The data obtained were analyzed with tables, percentages and t-test. The findings revealed that WASH amenities in SSA were generally poor, especially with the poorest quintile, which was disproportionately disadvantaged. The t-test indicated a significant difference in the provision of WASH services between both quintiles in SSA, as the calculated t-test values for water and sanitation services of 18.772 and 15.317, respectively were higher than the table value of 2.021 at an alpha level of 0.05; while the calculated t-test value (10) for hygiene services was higher than the table value of 2.042 at 0.05 alpha level. Considering the state of WASH facilities, SSA would miss the SDG 6, unless concerted efforts are made to address the myriad of challenges confronting the provisions of WASH services in SSA. The study therefore made recommendations to address the challenges.

Published in	International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
Page(s)	147-155
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hygiene, Inequality, Sanitation, Water, Wealth Quintile

References

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[2]	Ohwo, O (2017). Households’ Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Port Harcourt Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 7 No 1: 185-197.
[3]	UNICEF and WHO (2015). Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2015update and MDG assessment [online] files.unicef.org/…/Progress_on_Sanitation_and_Drinking_Water_2015_Update_pdf [Accessed July 25, 2020].
[4]	UNICEF and WHO (2019). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017, Special focus on inequalities, New York, USA.
[5]	Ohwo, O and Agusomu, T. D (2018). Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene services in sub-Saharan Africa, European Scientific Journal, 14 (35): 308-326.
[6]	WHO and UNICEF (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[7]	World Bank (2017a). Reducing inequalities in water supply, sanitation, and hygiene in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals: Synthesis report of the WASH poverty diagnostic initiative, WASH synthesis report, World Bank, Washington, DC.
[8]	Ohwo, O (2019). Dimensions of Inequality in Urban and Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Sub-Saharan Africa, European Scientific Journal, 15 (8): 144-162.
[9]	World Bank (2017b). WASH Poor in a Water-Rich Country: A Diagnostic of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo, World Bank, Washington, DC.
[10]	The Gambia Bureau of Statistics (2019). The Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2018, Survey Findings Report, Banjul, The Gambia: 1-694.
[11]	Adams, E. A and Smiley, S. L (2018). Urban-rural water access inequalities in Malawi: implications for monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals, Natural Resources Forum, DOI: 10.1111/1477-8947.12150: 217-226.
[12]	World Bank (2018). Reaching for the SDGs: The untapped potential of Tanzania’s water supply, sanitation, and hygiene sector, WASH Poverty Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington, DC.
[13]	Armah, F. A, Ekumah, B, Yawson, D. O, Odoi, J. O, Afitiri, A and Nyieku, F. E (2018). Access to improved water and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa in a quarter century, Heliyon 4 e00931. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00931: 1-32.
[14]	National Bureau of Statistics (2018). National outcome routine mapping of water, sanitation and hygiene service levels, Nigeria: summary of survey finding, 2018.
[15]	Roche R, Bain R, Cumming O (2017). A long way to go-Estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub- Saharan African countries. PLoS ONE 12 (2): e0171783. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171783.
[16]	World Bank (2017c). A Wake Up Call: Nigeria Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic, WASH Poverty Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington, DC.
[17]	Ohwo, O and Abotutu, A (2014). Access to potable water supply in Nigerian cities: evidence from Yenagoa metropolis, American Journal of Water Resources, 2 (2): 31-36.

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APA Style

Odafivwotu Ohwo, Tonye Vivian Odubo. (2021). Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 6(3), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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ACS Style

Odafivwotu Ohwo; Tonye Vivian Odubo. Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2021, 6(3), 147-155. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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AMA Style

Odafivwotu Ohwo, Tonye Vivian Odubo. Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Nat Resour Ecol Manag. 2021;6(3):147-155. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16,
  author = {Odafivwotu Ohwo and Tonye Vivian Odubo},
  title = {Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa},
  journal = {International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {147-155},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnrem.20210603.16},
  abstract = {Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the 2019 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, which contained disaggregated data on wealth quintiles. The data obtained were analyzed with tables, percentages and t-test. The findings revealed that WASH amenities in SSA were generally poor, especially with the poorest quintile, which was disproportionately disadvantaged. The t-test indicated a significant difference in the provision of WASH services between both quintiles in SSA, as the calculated t-test values for water and sanitation services of 18.772 and 15.317, respectively were higher than the table value of 2.021 at an alpha level of 0.05; while the calculated t-test value (10) for hygiene services was higher than the table value of 2.042 at 0.05 alpha level. Considering the state of WASH facilities, SSA would miss the SDG 6, unless concerted efforts are made to address the myriad of challenges confronting the provisions of WASH services in SSA. The study therefore made recommendations to address the challenges.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa
AU  - Odafivwotu Ohwo
AU  - Tonye Vivian Odubo
Y1  - 2021/08/09
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
T2  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JF  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JO  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
SP  - 147
EP  - 155
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3061
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
AB  - Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the 2019 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, which contained disaggregated data on wealth quintiles. The data obtained were analyzed with tables, percentages and t-test. The findings revealed that WASH amenities in SSA were generally poor, especially with the poorest quintile, which was disproportionately disadvantaged. The t-test indicated a significant difference in the provision of WASH services between both quintiles in SSA, as the calculated t-test values for water and sanitation services of 18.772 and 15.317, respectively were higher than the table value of 2.021 at an alpha level of 0.05; while the calculated t-test value (10) for hygiene services was higher than the table value of 2.042 at 0.05 alpha level. Considering the state of WASH facilities, SSA would miss the SDG 6, unless concerted efforts are made to address the myriad of challenges confronting the provisions of WASH services in SSA. The study therefore made recommendations to address the challenges.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Odafivwotu Ohwo

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria
Tonye Vivian Odubo

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria

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APA Style

Odafivwotu Ohwo, Tonye Vivian Odubo. (2021). Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 6(3), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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ACS Style

Odafivwotu Ohwo; Tonye Vivian Odubo. Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2021, 6(3), 147-155. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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AMA Style

Odafivwotu Ohwo, Tonye Vivian Odubo. Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Nat Resour Ecol Manag. 2021;6(3):147-155. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16,
  author = {Odafivwotu Ohwo and Tonye Vivian Odubo},
  title = {Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa},
  journal = {International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {147-155},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnrem.20210603.16},
  abstract = {Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the 2019 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, which contained disaggregated data on wealth quintiles. The data obtained were analyzed with tables, percentages and t-test. The findings revealed that WASH amenities in SSA were generally poor, especially with the poorest quintile, which was disproportionately disadvantaged. The t-test indicated a significant difference in the provision of WASH services between both quintiles in SSA, as the calculated t-test values for water and sanitation services of 18.772 and 15.317, respectively were higher than the table value of 2.021 at an alpha level of 0.05; while the calculated t-test value (10) for hygiene services was higher than the table value of 2.042 at 0.05 alpha level. Considering the state of WASH facilities, SSA would miss the SDG 6, unless concerted efforts are made to address the myriad of challenges confronting the provisions of WASH services in SSA. The study therefore made recommendations to address the challenges.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa
AU  - Odafivwotu Ohwo
AU  - Tonye Vivian Odubo
Y1  - 2021/08/09
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
T2  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JF  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JO  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
SP  - 147
EP  - 155
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3061
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20210603.16
AB  - Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the 2019 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, which contained disaggregated data on wealth quintiles. The data obtained were analyzed with tables, percentages and t-test. The findings revealed that WASH amenities in SSA were generally poor, especially with the poorest quintile, which was disproportionately disadvantaged. The t-test indicated a significant difference in the provision of WASH services between both quintiles in SSA, as the calculated t-test values for water and sanitation services of 18.772 and 15.317, respectively were higher than the table value of 2.021 at an alpha level of 0.05; while the calculated t-test value (10) for hygiene services was higher than the table value of 2.042 at 0.05 alpha level. Considering the state of WASH facilities, SSA would miss the SDG 6, unless concerted efforts are made to address the myriad of challenges confronting the provisions of WASH services in SSA. The study therefore made recommendations to address the challenges.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

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