Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>) Seeds in Ghana

Frederick Gyasi Damptey; Osei Richard; Kwabena Adu Bonnah

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

| Peer-Reviewed

Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana

Frederick Gyasi Damptey, Osei Richard, Kwabena Adu Bonnah

Published in International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management (Volume 1, Issue 4)

Received: 31 October 2016 Accepted: 14 November 2016 Published: 8 December 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations developers in Ghana have difficulty in selecting teak seeds from ecological sources and maternal ages that could guarantee optimum germination rates. To fill this knowledge gaps and contribute knowledge on germination characteristics of teak seeds in Ghana, we studied the effects of age of the maternal tree, the ecological zone of the mother tree, and the combination of the two on germination rates of teak seeds. We collected teak seeds from 10, 15, and 20-year-old healthy teak stands in the Savannah Zone (SZ), Transitional Zone (TZ), and the High Forest Zone (HFZ) of Ghana for this study. Fifty seeds from each maternal age for each ecological source were pretreated and sown in nine replicates using a completely randomized design in a factorial experiment with 2-factor treatment combination (age and ecological source). Our findings show that germination rate of seeds from the three maternal ages in the SZ was not different. The SZ also recorded the lowest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. In the TZ, germination rate was not different between 10 years (47.33%) and 15 years (45.33%) maternal stands but both were significantly (p<0.01) higher than 20 years old (34.22%) maternal stands. The TZ recorded intermediate overall germination rates, which are higher than SZ but lower than HFZ. Germination rate was not different between 15 years old (88.00%) and 20 years old (94.44%) in the HFZ but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 10 years old (41.56%). Moreover, the HFZ recorded the highest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. Our findings further show that seed source (ecological zone), the age of the maternal teak tree, and the interaction of both, have significant (p<0.01) effects on germination rate of teak seeds. More importantly, the effects of age of maternal tree on germination rate was found to be dependent on the ecological zone in which it is located as same maternal age trees recorded different germination rates in different ecological zones. Interaction plot of age and the ecological zone of maternal teak plant produced the highest germination rate at the combination of HFZ with 15 and 20-year-old teak stands. We recommend that teak plantation developers in Ghana select teak seeds from 15 years and above in the High Forest Zone for optimum germination rates.

Published in	International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management (Volume 1, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
Page(s)	188-194
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Provenance, Nurseries, Climatic Conditions

References

[1]	Abdullahi, Ibrahim Ndaginna, Pam Zang Chuwang, Toba Samuel Anjorin, and Hector Ikemefuna. 2015. Determination of Mineral Accumulation through Litter Fall of Parkia Biglobosa Jacq Benth and Vitellaria Paradoxa Lahm Trees in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences 2 (1).
[2]	Adu, S. V. 1992. Soils of the Kumasi Region, Ashanti Region, Ghana. Memoir No. 8. Ghana. Soil Research Institute: 141.
[3]	Asante, Winston. 2014. Operational Guidance and Standards for National and Subnational REED+ Programs in Ghana.
[4]	Brammer, H. 1962. Soils of Ghana In Brian Wills (Ed.). Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. Oxford University Press: 88–126.
[5]	Brancalion, P. H. S., Novembre A. D. L. C, and Rodrigues R. R. 2011. Seed Development, Yield and Quality of Two Palm Species Growing in Different Tropical Forest Types in SE Brazil: Implications for Ecological Restoration. Seed Science and Technology 39 (2): 412–424.
[6]	Bridges, E. M. 1997. World Soils. 3rd edition. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press.
[7]	Brouwer, R. 1983. Functional Equilibrium - Sense or Nonsense. Netherlands Journal of Agric Science 31: 335–348.
[8]	Castro, J., J. Hodar A., and Gomez J. M. 2006. Seed Size. In Handbook of Seed Science and Technology Pp. 397–427. Ed A Basra, Haworth’s Food Products Press, New York.
[9]	Cendan, C., Sampedro L., and Zas R. 2013. The Maternal Environment Determines the Timing of Germination in Pinus Pinaster. Environmental and Experimental Botany 94: 66–72.
[10]	Dickson, K. B., and G. Benneh. 1988. A New Geography of Ghana. Longman Group UK Limited. Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England.
[11]	Djagbletey, G. Djaney, and Adu-Bredu S. 2007. Adoption of Agroforestry by Small Scale Teak Farmers in Ghana - The Case of Nkoranza District. Ghana Journal of Forestry 20 (21).
[12]	Dugbley, Philip Worlanyo, and Agbenyega Olivia. 2015. The Effect of Poultry Manure on the Early Growth Performance of Milicia Excels Seedlings. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika 4 (3).
[13]	Ehlers, Bodil Kirstine, and Mogens Olesen Jens. 2004. Flower Production in Relation to Individual Plant Age and Leaf Production among Different Patches of Corydalis Intermedia. Plant Ecology 174 (1): 71–78.
[14]	Fofana, Inza Jesus, Ofori Daniel, Poitel Mireille, and Verhaegen Daniel. 2009. Diversity and Genetic Structure of Teak (Tectona Grandis L. f) in Its Natural Range Using DNA Microsatellite Markers. New Forests 37 (2): 175–195.
[15]	Hall, J. B., and Swaine M. D. 1976. Classification and Ecology of Closed-Canopy Forest in Ghana. The Journal of Ecology 64 (3): 913.
[16]	Hall, J. B., and Swaine M. D. 1981 Geobotany, Distribution and Ecology of Vascular Plants in a Tropical Rain Forest. Forest Vegetation in Ghana. Dr. W. Junk Pulishers.
[17]	Kadambi, K. 1993. Silviculture and Management of Teak. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun: 133.
[18]	Kaosa-ard, Masakazu. 1998. Teak for the Future: Proceedings of the Second Regional Seminar on Teak. K. White and Masakazu Kashio, eds. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
[19]	Kozlowski, T. T. 2002. Physiological Ecology of Natural Regeneration of Harvested and Disturbed Forest Stands: Implications for Forest Management. Forest Ecology and Management 158 (1): 195–221.
[20]	Laurie, M. V. 1974. Tree Planting Prcatices in African Savannas. FAO Forestry Development Paper, Rome 19: 185.
[21]	Lyngdoh, N., Kumar Mukul, Kumar Naresh, and Pandey A. K. 2014. Effect of Age of Plantation on Seed Characters and Growth Performance of Tokopatta (Livistona Jinkensiana Griff.) Seedling. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1 (6): 672–676.
[22]	Mayer, A. M., and Poljakoff-Mayber A. 1989. The Germination of Seeds. 4th edition. England: Pergamon Press plc, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW.
[23]	Mencuccini, M., Martínez-Vilalta J., Vanderklein D. 2005. Size-Mediated Ageing Reduces Vigour in Trees. Ecol Lett. 8 (11): 1183–90.
[24]	Minia, Z. 2008. Climate Change Scenario Development, in W. K. Agyemang-Bonsu, Editor. Ghana Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments. Acrra, Ghana: Environmental Protection Agency,
[25]	Muller, M., Siles L., Cela J., and Munn´e-Bosch S. 2014. Perennially Young: Seed Production and Quality in Controlled and Natural Populations of Cistus Albidus Reveal Compensatory Mechanisms That Prevent Senescence in Terms of Seed Yield and Viability. Journal of Experimental Botany 65: 287–297.
[26]	Mutanal, S. M., Patil S. J. Patil, Hosalli R. B. Hosalli, and Nadagoudar B. S. 2010. Effect of Tree Age and Diameter on Germination of Teak. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 16 (3).
[27]	Obeng, Henry. 2000. Soil Classification in Ghana. 3. Accra, Ghana: Centre for policy anaysis (CEPA).
[28]	Oppong-Anane, Kwame. 2006. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extensions, FAO, Rome, Italy.
[29]	Owusu-Bennoah, E., T. Awadzi W., Boateng E. 2000. Soil Properties of a Toposequence in the Moist Semi-Deciduous Forest Zone of Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 1.
[30]	Pedro, Vzquez Vzquez, Andres Ortz-Catn, Navarro Cortez Merle C., Garca-Hernndez David, and Arnoldo Wong-Villarreal. 2014. Effects of Different Pre-Sowing Seed Treatments on Germination of Tectona Grandis Species. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9 (5): 547–549.
[31]	Peili, Mao, Wang Guangmei, Yu Junbao, Shao Hongbo, and Han Guangxuan. 2014. Effects of Age and Stand Density of Mother Trees on Early Pinus Thunbergii Seedling Establishment in the Coastal Zone, China. The Scientific World Journal 2014: 1–9.
[32]	Qkcu, G., Kaya M. D., and Atak M. 2005. Effect of Salt and Drought Stresses on Germination and Seedling Growth of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 29 (4): 237–242.
[33]	Rita, K. N., Nirmal K. J. I., and Chakraborty S. 2010. Methods to Break Seed Dormancy of Andrographis Paniculata (Burm. f. Nees): An Important Medicinal Herb of Tropical Asia. Advances in Bioresearch 2.
[34]	Roach, D. A. 2012. Age, Growth and Size Interact with Stress to Determine Life Span and Mortality. Exp Gerontol 47 (10): 782–6.
[35]	Robertson, B. 2002. Growing Teak in the Top End of the NT (Tectona Grandis). 812, G26. Darwin: Agnote.
[36]	Vieira, R. D., TeKrony D. M., and Egli D. B. 1991. Effect of Drought Stress on Soybean Seed Germination and Vigor. J Seed Technol 15: 12–21.
[37]	Webb, D. B., Wood P. J., Smith J. P., and Henman G. S. 1984. A Guide to Species Selection for Tropical and Sub-Tropical Plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 15. Oxford, UK. Commonwealth Forestry Institute. 15: 256.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Frederick Gyasi Damptey, Osei Richard, Kwabena Adu Bonnah. (2016). Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 1(4), 188-194. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Frederick Gyasi Damptey; Osei Richard; Kwabena Adu Bonnah. Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana. Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2016, 1(4), 188-194. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Frederick Gyasi Damptey, Osei Richard, Kwabena Adu Bonnah. Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana. Int J Nat Resour Ecol Manag. 2016;1(4):188-194. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16,
  author = {Frederick Gyasi Damptey and Osei Richard and Kwabena Adu Bonnah},
  title = {Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana},
  journal = {International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {188-194},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnrem.20160104.16},
  abstract = {Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations developers in Ghana have difficulty in selecting teak seeds from ecological sources and maternal ages that could guarantee optimum germination rates. To fill this knowledge gaps and contribute knowledge on germination characteristics of teak seeds in Ghana, we studied the effects of age of the maternal tree, the ecological zone of the mother tree, and the combination of the two on germination rates of teak seeds. We collected teak seeds from 10, 15, and 20-year-old healthy teak stands in the Savannah Zone (SZ), Transitional Zone (TZ), and the High Forest Zone (HFZ) of Ghana for this study. Fifty seeds from each maternal age for each ecological source were pretreated and sown in nine replicates using a completely randomized design in a factorial experiment with 2-factor treatment combination (age and ecological source). Our findings show that germination rate of seeds from the three maternal ages in the SZ was not different. The SZ also recorded the lowest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. In the TZ, germination rate was not different between 10 years (47.33%) and 15 years (45.33%) maternal stands but both were significantly (p<0.01) higher than 20 years old (34.22%) maternal stands. The TZ recorded intermediate overall germination rates, which are higher than SZ but lower than HFZ. Germination rate was not different between 15 years old (88.00%) and 20 years old (94.44%) in the HFZ but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 10 years old (41.56%). Moreover, the HFZ recorded the highest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. Our findings further show that seed source (ecological zone), the age of the maternal teak tree, and the interaction of both, have significant (p<0.01) effects on germination rate of teak seeds. More importantly, the effects of age of maternal tree on germination rate was found to be dependent on the ecological zone in which it is located as same maternal age trees recorded different germination rates in different ecological zones. Interaction plot of age and the ecological zone of maternal teak plant produced the highest germination rate at the combination of HFZ with 15 and 20-year-old teak stands. We recommend that teak plantation developers in Ghana select teak seeds from 15 years and above in the High Forest Zone for optimum germination rates.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana
AU  - Frederick Gyasi Damptey
AU  - Osei Richard
AU  - Kwabena Adu Bonnah
Y1  - 2016/12/08
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
T2  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JF  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JO  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
SP  - 188
EP  - 194
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3061
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
AB  - Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations developers in Ghana have difficulty in selecting teak seeds from ecological sources and maternal ages that could guarantee optimum germination rates. To fill this knowledge gaps and contribute knowledge on germination characteristics of teak seeds in Ghana, we studied the effects of age of the maternal tree, the ecological zone of the mother tree, and the combination of the two on germination rates of teak seeds. We collected teak seeds from 10, 15, and 20-year-old healthy teak stands in the Savannah Zone (SZ), Transitional Zone (TZ), and the High Forest Zone (HFZ) of Ghana for this study. Fifty seeds from each maternal age for each ecological source were pretreated and sown in nine replicates using a completely randomized design in a factorial experiment with 2-factor treatment combination (age and ecological source). Our findings show that germination rate of seeds from the three maternal ages in the SZ was not different. The SZ also recorded the lowest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. In the TZ, germination rate was not different between 10 years (47.33%) and 15 years (45.33%) maternal stands but both were significantly (p<0.01) higher than 20 years old (34.22%) maternal stands. The TZ recorded intermediate overall germination rates, which are higher than SZ but lower than HFZ. Germination rate was not different between 15 years old (88.00%) and 20 years old (94.44%) in the HFZ but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 10 years old (41.56%). Moreover, the HFZ recorded the highest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. Our findings further show that seed source (ecological zone), the age of the maternal teak tree, and the interaction of both, have significant (p<0.01) effects on germination rate of teak seeds. More importantly, the effects of age of maternal tree on germination rate was found to be dependent on the ecological zone in which it is located as same maternal age trees recorded different germination rates in different ecological zones. Interaction plot of age and the ecological zone of maternal teak plant produced the highest germination rate at the combination of HFZ with 15 and 20-year-old teak stands. We recommend that teak plantation developers in Ghana select teak seeds from 15 years and above in the High Forest Zone for optimum germination rates.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Frederick Gyasi Damptey

Institute of Ecosystem Research, Christian Albrecht’s Universitat, Kiel, Germany
Osei Richard

Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
Kwabena Adu Bonnah

Forest Services Division, Mankranso, Ghana

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Frederick Gyasi Damptey, Osei Richard, Kwabena Adu Bonnah. (2016). Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 1(4), 188-194. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Frederick Gyasi Damptey; Osei Richard; Kwabena Adu Bonnah. Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana. Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2016, 1(4), 188-194. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Frederick Gyasi Damptey, Osei Richard, Kwabena Adu Bonnah. Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana. Int J Nat Resour Ecol Manag. 2016;1(4):188-194. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16,
  author = {Frederick Gyasi Damptey and Osei Richard and Kwabena Adu Bonnah},
  title = {Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana},
  journal = {International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {188-194},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnrem.20160104.16},
  abstract = {Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations developers in Ghana have difficulty in selecting teak seeds from ecological sources and maternal ages that could guarantee optimum germination rates. To fill this knowledge gaps and contribute knowledge on germination characteristics of teak seeds in Ghana, we studied the effects of age of the maternal tree, the ecological zone of the mother tree, and the combination of the two on germination rates of teak seeds. We collected teak seeds from 10, 15, and 20-year-old healthy teak stands in the Savannah Zone (SZ), Transitional Zone (TZ), and the High Forest Zone (HFZ) of Ghana for this study. Fifty seeds from each maternal age for each ecological source were pretreated and sown in nine replicates using a completely randomized design in a factorial experiment with 2-factor treatment combination (age and ecological source). Our findings show that germination rate of seeds from the three maternal ages in the SZ was not different. The SZ also recorded the lowest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. In the TZ, germination rate was not different between 10 years (47.33%) and 15 years (45.33%) maternal stands but both were significantly (p<0.01) higher than 20 years old (34.22%) maternal stands. The TZ recorded intermediate overall germination rates, which are higher than SZ but lower than HFZ. Germination rate was not different between 15 years old (88.00%) and 20 years old (94.44%) in the HFZ but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 10 years old (41.56%). Moreover, the HFZ recorded the highest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. Our findings further show that seed source (ecological zone), the age of the maternal teak tree, and the interaction of both, have significant (p<0.01) effects on germination rate of teak seeds. More importantly, the effects of age of maternal tree on germination rate was found to be dependent on the ecological zone in which it is located as same maternal age trees recorded different germination rates in different ecological zones. Interaction plot of age and the ecological zone of maternal teak plant produced the highest germination rate at the combination of HFZ with 15 and 20-year-old teak stands. We recommend that teak plantation developers in Ghana select teak seeds from 15 years and above in the High Forest Zone for optimum germination rates.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Mixed Effect of Provenance and Stand Age on the Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds in Ghana
AU  - Frederick Gyasi Damptey
AU  - Osei Richard
AU  - Kwabena Adu Bonnah
Y1  - 2016/12/08
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
T2  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JF  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
JO  - International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management
SP  - 188
EP  - 194
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3061
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20160104.16
AB  - Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations developers in Ghana have difficulty in selecting teak seeds from ecological sources and maternal ages that could guarantee optimum germination rates. To fill this knowledge gaps and contribute knowledge on germination characteristics of teak seeds in Ghana, we studied the effects of age of the maternal tree, the ecological zone of the mother tree, and the combination of the two on germination rates of teak seeds. We collected teak seeds from 10, 15, and 20-year-old healthy teak stands in the Savannah Zone (SZ), Transitional Zone (TZ), and the High Forest Zone (HFZ) of Ghana for this study. Fifty seeds from each maternal age for each ecological source were pretreated and sown in nine replicates using a completely randomized design in a factorial experiment with 2-factor treatment combination (age and ecological source). Our findings show that germination rate of seeds from the three maternal ages in the SZ was not different. The SZ also recorded the lowest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. In the TZ, germination rate was not different between 10 years (47.33%) and 15 years (45.33%) maternal stands but both were significantly (p<0.01) higher than 20 years old (34.22%) maternal stands. The TZ recorded intermediate overall germination rates, which are higher than SZ but lower than HFZ. Germination rate was not different between 15 years old (88.00%) and 20 years old (94.44%) in the HFZ but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 10 years old (41.56%). Moreover, the HFZ recorded the highest overall germination rate among the three ecological zones studied. Our findings further show that seed source (ecological zone), the age of the maternal teak tree, and the interaction of both, have significant (p<0.01) effects on germination rate of teak seeds. More importantly, the effects of age of maternal tree on germination rate was found to be dependent on the ecological zone in which it is located as same maternal age trees recorded different germination rates in different ecological zones. Interaction plot of age and the ecological zone of maternal teak plant produced the highest germination rate at the combination of HFZ with 15 and 20-year-old teak stands. We recommend that teak plantation developers in Ghana select teak seeds from 15 years and above in the High Forest Zone for optimum germination rates.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download