<i>Annonaceae</i> Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny; Malala Joel Boniface; Anjili Christopher Omukhango; Orwa Jennifer; Mibei Elias Kibiwot; Ndeti Cosmas Muia; Muchiri Francis Wambura; Oshule Paul Sifuna; Oginga Fredrick Otieno; Otundo Denis Orare; Karanja Simon Muturi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny, Malala Joel Boniface, Anjili Christopher Omukhango, Orwa Jennifer, Mibei Elias Kibiwot, Ndeti Cosmas Muia, Muchiri Francis Wambura, Oshule Paul Sifuna, Oginga Fredrick Otieno, Otundo Denis Orare, Karanja Simon Muturi

Published in International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology (Volume 2, Issue 4)

Received: 29 June 2017 Accepted: 18 July 2017 Published: 18 September 2017

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Fruit and vegetables provides most of the carotenoids in the human diet, and their consumption is always an essential requirement for human nutrition due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The study investigated the presence of carotenoids in different parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of the underutilized, exotic fruits Annonaceae family species (Annona squamosa, Annona muricata and Annona reticulata) growing in the coast region of Kenya. HPLC profiling of the pulp extracts revealed the presence of neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A. squamosa had higher levels of α-carotene (16.95±0.01), Zeaxanthin (10.45±0.04) and Violaxanthin (12.44±0.17). Lutein (6.62±0.18) and β-carotene (5.77±0.02) were in A. reticulata pulp while the pulp of A. muricata had the lowest levels of all the identified carotenoids. There was no significant difference in levels of the identified carotenoids in the pulp of the three species of Annonaceae fruits (p > 0.05). Results in this study demonstrate that the Annonaceae fruits are good source of antioxidant carotenoids and can be incorporated in the diet to promote human nutritional requirements and health.

Published in	International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
Page(s)	114-120
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Annonaceae, Carotenoids, Nutritional and Health, HPLC Profiling

References

[1]	Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with hypoglycemic potentials. J Ethnopharmacology. 2002;81:81–100.
[2]	Tanabe H, Yoshida M, Tomita N. Comparison of the antioxidant activities of 22 commonly used culinary herbs and spices on the lipid oxidation of pork meat. J. Anim. Sci. 2002; 73:389-393.
[3]	International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Handbooks of Cancer Prevention: Carotenoids. Lyon. 1998.
[4]	Stipanuk MH. Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. 2000.
[5]	Higdo B. The α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. The Micronutrient Information Center is a public service of the Linus Pauling Institute. 2004.
[6]	Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (IMFNB). Beta-carotene and other carotenoids. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids.. Washington, D. C. National Academy Press. 2000; 325-400.
[7]	Krinsky NI, and Johnson EJ. Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2005; 26:459–516.
[8]	Johnson EJ. The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutr Clin Care. 2002; 5:56–65.
[9]	Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Third ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1999.
[10]	Fiedor J, Burda K. Potential Role of Carotenoids as Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease. Nutrients. 2014; (6): 466-488.
[11]	Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989; 274 (2):532-538.
[12]	Young AJ, Lowe GM. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001; 385 (1):20-27.
[13]	Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88 (21):1550-1559.
[14]	Morris CD, Carson S. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139 (1):56-70.
[15]	Voutilainen, S, Nurmi T, Mursu J, Rissanen TH. Carotenoids and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83 (6):1265-1271.
[16]	Holick CN, Michaud DS, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 15 (6):536-547.
[17]	Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88 (21):1560-1570.
[18]	Parker RS. Carotenoids in human blood and tissues. J Nutr. 1989; 119: 101–102.
[19]	Bone RA, Landrum JT, S. L. Tarsis Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res. 1995; 25:1531–1535.
[20]	Yeum KJ, Shang F, Schalch W, Russell RM, Taylor A. Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens. Curr Eye Res. 1999; 19:502–505.
[21]	Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA. 1994; 272 (18):1413-1420.
[22]	Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher A, Klein R, Palta M, Block G, Millen AE, Wright JD. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153 (5):424-432.
[23]	Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, Van Den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, Hoyng CB. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002; 80 (4):368-371.
[24]	Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr. 2002; 132 (3):518 S-524 S.
[25]	Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn, CN. Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003; 44 (6):2461-2465.
[26]	Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87 (23):1767-1776.
[27]	Giovannucci E. A review of epidemiologic studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2002; 227 (10):852-859.
[28]	Giovannucci E. Lycopene and prostate cancer risk. Methodological considerations in the epidemiologic literature. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2002; 74, 1427–1434.
[29]	Hotta M, Ogata K, Nitta A, Hoshikawa K, Yanagi M, Yamazaki K. Useful plants of the world, Heibonsha LTD, Tokyo. 1989.
[30]	Pinto AC, de Cordeiro Q, de Andrade SRM, Ferreira FR, Filgueiras HA, de C, Alves RE, Kinpara DI. Annona species. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. 2005; ISBN 0854327851.
[31]	Maunda PM, Ngugi GW,. Kabuye CHS. Traditional food plants of Kenya. National Meuseum of Kenya. 1999.
[32]	Dachtler M, Glaser T, Kohler K, Albert K. Combined HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR on-line coupling for the separation and determination of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in spinach and in retina. Analytical chemistry. 2001; 73 (3), 667-67.
[33]	Samuagam L, Khoo HE, Akowuah GA, Okechukwu PN, Yim HS. HPLC analysis of antioxidant compounds in some selected tropical fruits’ peel. Innovative Romanian Food Biotechnology. 2014; 14, 61-68.
[34]	Alba R, Payton P, Fei ZJ, Mc Quinn R, Debbie P, Martin GB, et al. Transcriptome and selected metabolite analyses reveal multiple points of ethylene control during tomato fruit development. Plant Cell. 2005; 17:2954–2965.
[35]	Payne RW, Murray DA, Harding SA, Baird DB, Soutar DM. An introduction to GenStat for Windows, 14th ed. VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK. 2011.
[36]	Rodriguez-Amaya DB, Rodriguez EB, Amaya-Farfan J. Advances in food carotenoids research: Chemical and technological aspects, implication in human health. Mal. J. Nutr. 2006; 12 (1): 101-121.
[37]	van Rooyen J, Esterhuyse AJ, Engelbrecht AM, Du Toit EF. Health benefits of a natural carotenoid rich oil: a proposed mechanism of protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 17 (1):316–319.
[38]	Bhardwaj A, Satpathy G, Gupta RK. Preliminary screening of nutraceutical potential of Annona squamosa, an underutilized exotic fruit of India and its use as a valuable source in functional foods. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2014; 3 (2): 172-180.
[39]	Burns J, Fraser PD, Bramley PM. Identification and quantification of carotenoids, tocopherols and chlorophylls in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. Phytochemistry, Plant Metabolomics. 2003; 62 (6): 939–947.
[40]	Van Duyn MA, Pivonka E. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 99 (10): 1241-1248.
[41]	During A, Harrison EH. Intestinal absorption and metabolism of carotenoids: insights from cell culture. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004; 430 (1):77-88.
[42]	WHO. Population nutrient intake goals for preventing diet-related chronic diseases. 2008. www.who.int/nutrition.
[43]	Wang Y, Bentley ME, Zhai F, Popkin BM. Tracking dietary intake patterns of Chinese from childhood to adolescence over a six-year follow-up period. J Nutr. 2002; 132 (93):430-438.
[44]	Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults. Publ Health Nutr. 2002; 5 (5): 663-669.
[45]	Wardle J, Permenter K, Waller J. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appet. 2000; 34 (3): 269-275.
[46]	Obuntibejua OO, Truter EJ, Esterhuyse AJ. The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Human Health and Disease Prevention. Diabetes Mellitus-Insights and Perspectives. 2013; 3 (2): 172-180.
[47]	van Het Hof KH, West CE, Weststrate JA, Hautvast JG. Dietary factors that affect the bioavailability of carotenoids. J Nutr. 2000; 130 (3):503-506.
[48]	Johnson EJ, Chung HY, Caldarella SM, Snodderly DM. The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 87, 1521–1529.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny, Malala Joel Boniface, Anjili Christopher Omukhango, Orwa Jennifer, Mibei Elias Kibiwot, et al. (2017). Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids. International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology, 2(4), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny; Malala Joel Boniface; Anjili Christopher Omukhango; Orwa Jennifer; Mibei Elias Kibiwot, et al. Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids. Int. J. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2(4), 114-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny, Malala Joel Boniface, Anjili Christopher Omukhango, Orwa Jennifer, Mibei Elias Kibiwot, et al. Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids. Int J Food Sci Biotechnol. 2017;2(4):114-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13,
  author = {Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny and Malala Joel Boniface and Anjili Christopher Omukhango and Orwa Jennifer and Mibei Elias Kibiwot and Ndeti Cosmas Muia and Muchiri Francis Wambura and Oshule Paul Sifuna and Oginga Fredrick Otieno and Otundo Denis Orare and Karanja Simon Muturi},
  title = {Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids},
  journal = {International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {114-120},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijfsb.20170204.13},
  abstract = {Fruit and vegetables provides most of the carotenoids in the human diet, and their consumption is always an essential requirement for human nutrition due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The study investigated the presence of carotenoids in different parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of the underutilized, exotic fruits Annonaceae family species (Annona squamosa, Annona muricata and Annona reticulata) growing in the coast region of Kenya. HPLC profiling of the pulp extracts revealed the presence of neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A. squamosa had higher levels of α-carotene (16.95±0.01), Zeaxanthin (10.45±0.04) and Violaxanthin (12.44±0.17). Lutein (6.62±0.18) and β-carotene (5.77±0.02) were in A. reticulata pulp while the pulp of A. muricata had the lowest levels of all the identified carotenoids. There was no significant difference in levels of the identified carotenoids in the pulp of the three species of Annonaceae fruits (p > 0.05). Results in this study demonstrate that the Annonaceae fruits are good source of antioxidant carotenoids and can be incorporated in the diet to promote human nutritional requirements and health.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids
AU  - Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny
AU  - Malala Joel Boniface
AU  - Anjili Christopher Omukhango
AU  - Orwa Jennifer
AU  - Mibei Elias Kibiwot
AU  - Ndeti Cosmas Muia
AU  - Muchiri Francis Wambura
AU  - Oshule Paul Sifuna
AU  - Oginga Fredrick Otieno
AU  - Otundo Denis Orare
AU  - Karanja Simon Muturi
Y1  - 2017/09/18
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
T2  - International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
SP  - 114
EP  - 120
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
AB  - Fruit and vegetables provides most of the carotenoids in the human diet, and their consumption is always an essential requirement for human nutrition due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The study investigated the presence of carotenoids in different parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of the underutilized, exotic fruits Annonaceae family species (Annona squamosa, Annona muricata and Annona reticulata) growing in the coast region of Kenya. HPLC profiling of the pulp extracts revealed the presence of neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A. squamosa had higher levels of α-carotene (16.95±0.01), Zeaxanthin (10.45±0.04) and Violaxanthin (12.44±0.17). Lutein (6.62±0.18) and β-carotene (5.77±0.02) were in A. reticulata pulp while the pulp of A. muricata had the lowest levels of all the identified carotenoids. There was no significant difference in levels of the identified carotenoids in the pulp of the three species of Annonaceae fruits (p > 0.05). Results in this study demonstrate that the Annonaceae fruits are good source of antioxidant carotenoids and can be incorporated in the diet to promote human nutritional requirements and health.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny

Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Malala Joel Boniface

Directorate of Research, Grants and Endowments, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Anjili Christopher Omukhango

Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
Orwa Jennifer

Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
Mibei Elias Kibiwot

Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Ndeti Cosmas Muia

Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Muchiri Francis Wambura

Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Oshule Paul Sifuna

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Oginga Fredrick Otieno

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Otundo Denis Orare

Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Karanja Simon Muturi

nstitute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny, Malala Joel Boniface, Anjili Christopher Omukhango, Orwa Jennifer, Mibei Elias Kibiwot, et al. (2017). Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids. International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology, 2(4), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny; Malala Joel Boniface; Anjili Christopher Omukhango; Orwa Jennifer; Mibei Elias Kibiwot, et al. Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids. Int. J. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2(4), 114-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny, Malala Joel Boniface, Anjili Christopher Omukhango, Orwa Jennifer, Mibei Elias Kibiwot, et al. Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids. Int J Food Sci Biotechnol. 2017;2(4):114-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13,
  author = {Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny and Malala Joel Boniface and Anjili Christopher Omukhango and Orwa Jennifer and Mibei Elias Kibiwot and Ndeti Cosmas Muia and Muchiri Francis Wambura and Oshule Paul Sifuna and Oginga Fredrick Otieno and Otundo Denis Orare and Karanja Simon Muturi},
  title = {Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids},
  journal = {International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {114-120},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijfsb.20170204.13},
  abstract = {Fruit and vegetables provides most of the carotenoids in the human diet, and their consumption is always an essential requirement for human nutrition due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The study investigated the presence of carotenoids in different parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of the underutilized, exotic fruits Annonaceae family species (Annona squamosa, Annona muricata and Annona reticulata) growing in the coast region of Kenya. HPLC profiling of the pulp extracts revealed the presence of neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A. squamosa had higher levels of α-carotene (16.95±0.01), Zeaxanthin (10.45±0.04) and Violaxanthin (12.44±0.17). Lutein (6.62±0.18) and β-carotene (5.77±0.02) were in A. reticulata pulp while the pulp of A. muricata had the lowest levels of all the identified carotenoids. There was no significant difference in levels of the identified carotenoids in the pulp of the three species of Annonaceae fruits (p > 0.05). Results in this study demonstrate that the Annonaceae fruits are good source of antioxidant carotenoids and can be incorporated in the diet to promote human nutritional requirements and health.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Annonaceae Fruits Growing in Coast Region of Kenya as an Alternative Source of Dietary Carotenoids
AU  - Chimbevo Mwagandi Lenny
AU  - Malala Joel Boniface
AU  - Anjili Christopher Omukhango
AU  - Orwa Jennifer
AU  - Mibei Elias Kibiwot
AU  - Ndeti Cosmas Muia
AU  - Muchiri Francis Wambura
AU  - Oshule Paul Sifuna
AU  - Oginga Fredrick Otieno
AU  - Otundo Denis Orare
AU  - Karanja Simon Muturi
Y1  - 2017/09/18
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
T2  - International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
SP  - 114
EP  - 120
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170204.13
AB  - Fruit and vegetables provides most of the carotenoids in the human diet, and their consumption is always an essential requirement for human nutrition due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The study investigated the presence of carotenoids in different parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of the underutilized, exotic fruits Annonaceae family species (Annona squamosa, Annona muricata and Annona reticulata) growing in the coast region of Kenya. HPLC profiling of the pulp extracts revealed the presence of neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A. squamosa had higher levels of α-carotene (16.95±0.01), Zeaxanthin (10.45±0.04) and Violaxanthin (12.44±0.17). Lutein (6.62±0.18) and β-carotene (5.77±0.02) were in A. reticulata pulp while the pulp of A. muricata had the lowest levels of all the identified carotenoids. There was no significant difference in levels of the identified carotenoids in the pulp of the three species of Annonaceae fruits (p > 0.05). Results in this study demonstrate that the Annonaceae fruits are good source of antioxidant carotenoids and can be incorporated in the diet to promote human nutritional requirements and health.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download