Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- <i>Moringa Oleifera</i> as Adsorbent and Coagulant

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Sule Abubakar; Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal; Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff; Ibrahim Umaru

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru

Published in International Journal of Engineering Management (Volume 2, Issue 3)

Received: 30 October 2018 Accepted: 19 November 2018 Published: 17 December 2018

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Abstract

Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.

Published in	International Journal of Engineering Management (Volume 2, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
Page(s)	67-75
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aluminium Sulphate, Coagulation, Flocculation, Heavy Metals, Wastewater

References

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[3]	A. L. Ahmad, S. Ismail, & S. Bathia, (2003). Water Recycling from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Membrane Technology. J. Desalination 157: 87- 95.
[4]	Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulation 2009.
[5]	S. L. Tong, and B. A. Jaafar, (2005). POME biogas capture, upgrading and utilisation. Proceeding of the PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress (chemistry and technology); pp. 328–36.
[6]	J. Guo, and A. C. Lau (2002). “Characterization of adsorbent prepared from oil-palm shell by CO2 activation for removal of gaseous pollutants”. Materials letters; 55 (5): 334-339.
[7]	J. Tan, (2007). Chemical Pre-treatment for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). M. Eng. Thesis, Universiti Technology Malaysia.
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[9]	J. Peter, S. Emma, P. Marc, M. Roger, A. P. Simon and J. Bruce (2012). Comparison of coagulation performance and floc properties using a novel zirconium coagulant against traditional ferric and alum coagulants.
[10]	G. K. Folkard, J. Sutherland, R. Shaw, (2000). Water clarification using Moringa oleifera seed coagulant. On electronic products: http:www.Iboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/60.
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[15]	C. M. Teixeira, F. V. Kirste, P. C. N. Teixeira (2012). Evaluation of Moringa oleifera seed flour as a flocculating agent for potential biodiesel producer microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 557–563.
[16]	T. Jingxi, M. Jiang, H. Li , S. Zhang, X. Zhang (2015), A comparison between moringa oleifera seed presscake extract and polyaluminum chloride in the removal of direct black 19 from synthetic wastewater. Industrial Crops and Products (74) 530–534.
[17]	S. Bhatia, Z. Othman and A. L. Ahmad (2007b). Coagulation–flocculation process for POME treatment using Moringa oleifera seeds extract: Optimization studies. Chemical Engineering Journal. 133(1): 205-212.
[18]	A. M. Abdelaal, (2004). Using a natural coagulant for treating wastewater. Eighth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC8, Alexandria, Egypt.
[19]	M. Syafalni, A. Rohana, A. Ismail & N. I. Aimi (2013). Wastewater treatment using bentonite, the combinations of bentonite-zeolite, bentonite-alum, and bentonite-limestone as adsorbent and coagulant. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(3): 379-391.
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APA Style

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru. (2018). Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. International Journal of Engineering Management, 2(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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ACS Style

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Sule Abubakar; Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal; Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff; Ibrahim Umaru. Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. Int. J. Eng. Manag. 2018, 2(3), 67-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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AMA Style

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru. Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. Int J Eng Manag. 2018;2(3):67-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13,
  author = {Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba and Sule Abubakar and Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal and Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff and Ibrahim Umaru},
  title = {Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant},
  journal = {International Journal of Engineering Management},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {67-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijem.20180203.13},
  abstract = {Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant
AU  - Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
AU  - Sule Abubakar
AU  - Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal
AU  - Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff
AU  - Ibrahim Umaru
Y1  - 2018/12/17
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
T2  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JF  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JO  - International Journal of Engineering Management
SP  - 67
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1568
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
AB  - Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba

Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Sule Abubakar

Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal

Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff

Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
Ibrahim Umaru

Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru. (2018). Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. International Journal of Engineering Management, 2(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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ACS Style

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Sule Abubakar; Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal; Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff; Ibrahim Umaru. Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. Int. J. Eng. Manag. 2018, 2(3), 67-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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AMA Style

Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru. Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. Int J Eng Manag. 2018;2(3):67-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13,
  author = {Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba and Sule Abubakar and Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal and Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff and Ibrahim Umaru},
  title = {Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant},
  journal = {International Journal of Engineering Management},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {67-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijem.20180203.13},
  abstract = {Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant
AU  - Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
AU  - Sule Abubakar
AU  - Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal
AU  - Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff
AU  - Ibrahim Umaru
Y1  - 2018/12/17
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
T2  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JF  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JO  - International Journal of Engineering Management
SP  - 67
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1568
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
AB  - Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
ER  -

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