Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo; Yemisi Akindureni; Olajumoke Ojo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

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Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo, Yemisi Akindureni, Olajumoke Ojo

Published in International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science (Volume 2, Issue 5)

Received: 24 August 2017 Accepted: 18 September 2017 Published: 28 September 2017

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Abstract

Groundwater assessment and aquifer/water bearing formation vulnerability studies were carried out in Ose and Owo Local Government areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The groundwater evaluation involved integrated electrical resistivity (vertical electrical sounding), very low frequency electromagnetic, and borehole logging. Aquifer vulnerability assessment was done using Aquifer vulnerability Index (AVI) and GOD approaches. Fifty two (52) vertical electrical soundings (VES) data were acquired with Schlumberger array using current electrode separation (AB/2) of 1 to 225 m. The acquired VES data were qualitatively interpreted to determine the geoelectric parameters (layer resistivity and thickness). The geoelectric sections revealed the lithological sequence comprising topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement. The most occurring curve types identified are H and KH with % frequency of 30 and 26.9 respectively. The lineament density and interception maps show a low spatial variation as the lineaments are generally sparse in the study area especially in Ose local government area; while Owo area shows a low – moderate variation. The major water bearing units are confined/unconfined fracture basement and weathered layer composing of clay/sandy clay, clay sand and sand aquifers (found in the southern part of the study area with thickness generally above 20 m and could be up to 60 m). However, the fracture basement aquifer is widespread in Owo area with thickness that could up to 30 m. The depth to these water bearing geological formation is between 1.2 m and 15.9 m. The AVI characterized the study area into “extremely low – High vulnerability” with predominant very high vulnerability values. The GOD vulnerability model depicts that the study area is characterized by three vulnerability zones, which are low, moderate and high vulnerable zones. According to the model, about 5% of the area is highly vulnerable while about 45% is of moderate rating, and 50% low vulnerable rating. It is highly recommended that the least vulnerable zone should be the primary target for future groundwater development in the area in order to ensure continuous supply of safe and potable groundwater for human consumption; and more importantly, location of septic tanks, petroleum storage tanks, shallow subsurface piping utilities and other contaminant facilities should be confined to low vulnerable zones.

Published in	International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
Page(s)	103-116
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

GOD, AVI, Vulnerability, Groundwater, Contamination, Borehole Logging

References

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[2]	O. O. Falowo and E. G. Imeokparia, “Hydrogeological studies for groundwater resource and its vulnerability to contamination in owo, southwestern Nigeria.” International Journal of Science and Research. 2015, volume 4, Issue 12, pp. 1331-1344.
[3]	N. P. Iloeje, “A new geography of Nigeria” Longman Group Ltd; 1981.
[4]	O. Koefoed, “Geosounding principles 1. resistivity measurements” Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1979, pp. 275.
[5]	A. A. R. Zohdy, “The auxiliary point method of electrical sounding interpretation and its relationship to Dar Zarrouk parameters”. Geophysics, 1965, 30: 644-650.
[6]	G. V. Keller and F. C. Frishchnecht, “Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting.” Pergamon Press, New York, 1966, pp. 96.
[7]	B. P. A. Vander-Velpen, “RESIST version 1.0.” M. Sc. Research Project. ITC: Delft Netherlands, 1988.
[8]	R. W. Buddemeier, J. A Schloss, “Groundwater storage and flow,” http://www.kgs.Ukans.edu/Hightplains/atlas//apgngw.htm, 2000.
[9]	D. Van Stempvoort, L. Ewert, L. Wassenaar, “Aquifer vulnerability index (AVI): A GIS compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mapping.” Can Water Res J, 1993, 18: 25-37.
[10]	R. A. Freeze and J. A. Cherry, “Groundwater Prentice-Hall”: Englewood, NJ. 1979, pp 604.
[11]	G. P. Kruseman and N. A. De Ridder, “Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data.” International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Publication no. 47, 2^nd ed., Wageningen, Netherlands, 1990.
[12]	S. S. D. Foster, “Fundamental concepts in aquifer vulnerability pollution risk and protection strategy.” in Vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollution: Proceedings and information. W. van Duijvenboodennd H. G. van Waegeningh (editors). TNO Committee on Hydrological Research, The Hague, 1987, 69-86.
[13]	S. Khemiri, A. Khnissi, M. B. Alaya, S. Saidi, F. Zargouni, “Using GIS for the comparison of intrinsic parametric methods assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Scenarios of Semi-Arid Climate.” The case of Foussama Groundwater in the Central of Tunisia. Journal of water resources and protection, 2013, 5: 835-845.
[14]	V. Murat, D. Paradis, M. M. Savard, M. Nastev, E. Bourque, A. Hamel, R. Lefebvre and R. Martel, “Vulnérabilité à la nappe des aquifères fractures du Sud-ouest du Québec- Evaluation par les methods DRASTIC et GOD.” Current Research, No. 2003-D3, 2003; 14p.
[15]	D. Mishra, S. Hira and M. B. S. Rao, “Remote sensing and geoelectrical investigation for groundwater in south-central part of Lalitpur District, Utar Pradesh.” Journal Association of Exploration Geophysics. 1990, Vol. 11 (1), pp. 17-28.
[16]	A. E. Bala, O. Batelaan and de Smedt “Using Landsat 5 imagery in the assessment of groundwater resources in the crystalline rocks around Dutsin-Ma, northwestern Nigeria.” Journal of Mining and Geology. 2000, Vol. 36 (1), pp. 85-92.
[17]	W. H. Barker, “Multispectral scanner. In: Janssen, L. L. F. and Huurneman, G. C. (eds), Principles of remote sensing, ITC Educational Textbook Series, 2001, pp. 71-82.
[18]	K. A Mogaji, O. S. Aboyeji, and G. O. Omosuyi, “Mapping of lineaments for groundwater targeting in the basement complex region of Ondo State, Nigeria, using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques.” International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 2011, Vol. 3 (7), pp. 150-160.

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Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo, Yemisi Akindureni, Olajumoke Ojo. (2017). Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, 2(5), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

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ACS Style

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo; Yemisi Akindureni; Olajumoke Ojo. Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods. Int. J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 2(5), 103-116. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

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AMA Style

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo, Yemisi Akindureni, Olajumoke Ojo. Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods. Int J Energy Environ Sci. 2017;2(5):103-116. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13,
  author = {Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo and Yemisi Akindureni and Olajumoke Ojo},
  title = {Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {103-116},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijees.20170205.13},
  abstract = {Groundwater assessment and aquifer/water bearing formation vulnerability studies were carried out in Ose and Owo Local Government areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The groundwater evaluation involved integrated electrical resistivity (vertical electrical sounding), very low frequency electromagnetic, and borehole logging. Aquifer vulnerability assessment was done using Aquifer vulnerability Index (AVI) and GOD approaches. Fifty two (52) vertical electrical soundings (VES) data were acquired with Schlumberger array using current electrode separation (AB/2) of 1 to 225 m. The acquired VES data were qualitatively interpreted to determine the geoelectric parameters (layer resistivity and thickness). The geoelectric sections revealed the lithological sequence comprising topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement. The most occurring curve types identified are H and KH with % frequency of 30 and 26.9 respectively. The lineament density and interception maps show a low spatial variation as the lineaments are generally sparse in the study area especially in Ose local government area; while Owo area shows a low – moderate variation. The major water bearing units are confined/unconfined fracture basement and weathered layer composing of clay/sandy clay, clay sand and sand aquifers (found in the southern part of the study area with thickness generally above 20 m and could be up to 60 m). However, the fracture basement aquifer is widespread in Owo area with thickness that could up to 30 m. The depth to these water bearing geological formation is between 1.2 m and 15.9 m. The AVI characterized the study area into “extremely low – High vulnerability” with predominant very high vulnerability values. The GOD vulnerability model depicts that the study area is characterized by three vulnerability zones, which are low, moderate and high vulnerable zones. According to the model, about 5% of the area is highly vulnerable while about 45% is of moderate rating, and 50% low vulnerable rating. It is highly recommended that the least vulnerable zone should be the primary target for future groundwater development in the area in order to ensure continuous supply of safe and potable groundwater for human consumption; and more importantly, location of septic tanks, petroleum storage tanks, shallow subsurface piping utilities and other contaminant facilities should be confined to low vulnerable zones.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods
AU  - Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo
AU  - Yemisi Akindureni
AU  - Olajumoke Ojo
Y1  - 2017/09/28
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
T2  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JF  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JO  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
SP  - 103
EP  - 116
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9546
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
AB  - Groundwater assessment and aquifer/water bearing formation vulnerability studies were carried out in Ose and Owo Local Government areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The groundwater evaluation involved integrated electrical resistivity (vertical electrical sounding), very low frequency electromagnetic, and borehole logging. Aquifer vulnerability assessment was done using Aquifer vulnerability Index (AVI) and GOD approaches. Fifty two (52) vertical electrical soundings (VES) data were acquired with Schlumberger array using current electrode separation (AB/2) of 1 to 225 m. The acquired VES data were qualitatively interpreted to determine the geoelectric parameters (layer resistivity and thickness). The geoelectric sections revealed the lithological sequence comprising topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement. The most occurring curve types identified are H and KH with % frequency of 30 and 26.9 respectively. The lineament density and interception maps show a low spatial variation as the lineaments are generally sparse in the study area especially in Ose local government area; while Owo area shows a low – moderate variation. The major water bearing units are confined/unconfined fracture basement and weathered layer composing of clay/sandy clay, clay sand and sand aquifers (found in the southern part of the study area with thickness generally above 20 m and could be up to 60 m). However, the fracture basement aquifer is widespread in Owo area with thickness that could up to 30 m. The depth to these water bearing geological formation is between 1.2 m and 15.9 m. The AVI characterized the study area into “extremely low – High vulnerability” with predominant very high vulnerability values. The GOD vulnerability model depicts that the study area is characterized by three vulnerability zones, which are low, moderate and high vulnerable zones. According to the model, about 5% of the area is highly vulnerable while about 45% is of moderate rating, and 50% low vulnerable rating. It is highly recommended that the least vulnerable zone should be the primary target for future groundwater development in the area in order to ensure continuous supply of safe and potable groundwater for human consumption; and more importantly, location of septic tanks, petroleum storage tanks, shallow subsurface piping utilities and other contaminant facilities should be confined to low vulnerable zones.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria
Yemisi Akindureni

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria
Olajumoke Ojo

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria

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APA Style

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo, Yemisi Akindureni, Olajumoke Ojo. (2017). Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, 2(5), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

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ACS Style

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo; Yemisi Akindureni; Olajumoke Ojo. Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods. Int. J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 2(5), 103-116. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

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AMA Style

Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo, Yemisi Akindureni, Olajumoke Ojo. Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods. Int J Energy Environ Sci. 2017;2(5):103-116. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13,
  author = {Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo and Yemisi Akindureni and Olajumoke Ojo},
  title = {Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {103-116},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijees.20170205.13},
  abstract = {Groundwater assessment and aquifer/water bearing formation vulnerability studies were carried out in Ose and Owo Local Government areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The groundwater evaluation involved integrated electrical resistivity (vertical electrical sounding), very low frequency electromagnetic, and borehole logging. Aquifer vulnerability assessment was done using Aquifer vulnerability Index (AVI) and GOD approaches. Fifty two (52) vertical electrical soundings (VES) data were acquired with Schlumberger array using current electrode separation (AB/2) of 1 to 225 m. The acquired VES data were qualitatively interpreted to determine the geoelectric parameters (layer resistivity and thickness). The geoelectric sections revealed the lithological sequence comprising topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement. The most occurring curve types identified are H and KH with % frequency of 30 and 26.9 respectively. The lineament density and interception maps show a low spatial variation as the lineaments are generally sparse in the study area especially in Ose local government area; while Owo area shows a low – moderate variation. The major water bearing units are confined/unconfined fracture basement and weathered layer composing of clay/sandy clay, clay sand and sand aquifers (found in the southern part of the study area with thickness generally above 20 m and could be up to 60 m). However, the fracture basement aquifer is widespread in Owo area with thickness that could up to 30 m. The depth to these water bearing geological formation is between 1.2 m and 15.9 m. The AVI characterized the study area into “extremely low – High vulnerability” with predominant very high vulnerability values. The GOD vulnerability model depicts that the study area is characterized by three vulnerability zones, which are low, moderate and high vulnerable zones. According to the model, about 5% of the area is highly vulnerable while about 45% is of moderate rating, and 50% low vulnerable rating. It is highly recommended that the least vulnerable zone should be the primary target for future groundwater development in the area in order to ensure continuous supply of safe and potable groundwater for human consumption; and more importantly, location of septic tanks, petroleum storage tanks, shallow subsurface piping utilities and other contaminant facilities should be confined to low vulnerable zones.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Groundwater Assessment and Its Intrinsic Vulnerability Studies Using Aquifer Vulnerability Index and GOD Methods
AU  - Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo
AU  - Yemisi Akindureni
AU  - Olajumoke Ojo
Y1  - 2017/09/28
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
T2  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JF  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JO  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
SP  - 103
EP  - 116
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9546
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20170205.13
AB  - Groundwater assessment and aquifer/water bearing formation vulnerability studies were carried out in Ose and Owo Local Government areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The groundwater evaluation involved integrated electrical resistivity (vertical electrical sounding), very low frequency electromagnetic, and borehole logging. Aquifer vulnerability assessment was done using Aquifer vulnerability Index (AVI) and GOD approaches. Fifty two (52) vertical electrical soundings (VES) data were acquired with Schlumberger array using current electrode separation (AB/2) of 1 to 225 m. The acquired VES data were qualitatively interpreted to determine the geoelectric parameters (layer resistivity and thickness). The geoelectric sections revealed the lithological sequence comprising topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement. The most occurring curve types identified are H and KH with % frequency of 30 and 26.9 respectively. The lineament density and interception maps show a low spatial variation as the lineaments are generally sparse in the study area especially in Ose local government area; while Owo area shows a low – moderate variation. The major water bearing units are confined/unconfined fracture basement and weathered layer composing of clay/sandy clay, clay sand and sand aquifers (found in the southern part of the study area with thickness generally above 20 m and could be up to 60 m). However, the fracture basement aquifer is widespread in Owo area with thickness that could up to 30 m. The depth to these water bearing geological formation is between 1.2 m and 15.9 m. The AVI characterized the study area into “extremely low – High vulnerability” with predominant very high vulnerability values. The GOD vulnerability model depicts that the study area is characterized by three vulnerability zones, which are low, moderate and high vulnerable zones. According to the model, about 5% of the area is highly vulnerable while about 45% is of moderate rating, and 50% low vulnerable rating. It is highly recommended that the least vulnerable zone should be the primary target for future groundwater development in the area in order to ensure continuous supply of safe and potable groundwater for human consumption; and more importantly, location of septic tanks, petroleum storage tanks, shallow subsurface piping utilities and other contaminant facilities should be confined to low vulnerable zones.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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