Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat; James Simiren Nampushi; Maurice Omollo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat, James Simiren Nampushi, Maurice Omollo

Published in International Journal of Animal Science and Technology (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 1 November 2022 Accepted: 16 November 2022 Published: 29 November 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This paper assessed the relative influence of distance from protected areas on the distribution of the socio-economic benefits derived from conservation areas to the local communities. The local people living adjacent to the protected areas are expected to have high interactions with wildlife which in most cases it turns out to be negative co-existence, because of the high interruption caused to the local community’s livelihood networks. Further, closer to protected areas wildlife economic costs are felt at high intensity as compared to the community living further away from a protected area. Distributive justice requires that, the adjacent community should receive the greatest reward commensurate to the economic costs they face through mechanisms such as compensation. This paper, therefore, focuses on whether socio-economic benefits varied with distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem. This study used Mixed Methods concurrent design and that the study area was stratified into 17 sublocations. Subjects within the strata were sampled through systematic random sampling. The main data collection tools were questionnaires, structured interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed that 62 % of the respondents were males, 40.8 % being majority were of age 38-47 years and 65 % were pastoralists. Further, the findings indicated that there were socio-economic benefits derived from the MMNR (r = -.180, df = 284, p = 0.002) and since p < 0.01, it revealed that socio-economic benefits vary significantly with distance from MMNR. The study concluded that, there are socio-economic benefits accruing from MMNR but the model used in resources distribution seemed inequitable. The study then recommends that; the County Government of Narok should enhance the 19% policy on compensation to 35% in order to equitably cover most of the deserving cases and that the establishments within the MMNR (hotels and camps) should consider partnering with the local community especially in trade.

Published in	International Journal of Animal Science and Technology (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
Page(s)	90-99
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Wildlife Conservation, Socio-Economic Benefits, Distributive Justice

References

[1]	Akyol, A., Türkoğlu, T., Bekiroğlu, S., & Tolunay, A. (2018). Resident perceptions of livelihood impacts arising from the Kızıldağ National Park, Turkey. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20 (3), 1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9921-0
[2]	Almalki, S., Centre, E. L., Arabia, S., & Centre, E. L. (2016). Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Mixed Methods Research — Challenges and Benefits. 5 (3), 288–296. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v5n3p288
[3]	Bartzke, G. S., Ogutu, J. O., Mukhopadhyay, S., Mtui, D., Dublin, H. T., & Piepho, H. (2018). Rainfall trends and variation in the Maasai Mara ecosystem and their implications for animal population and biodiversity dynamics.
[4]	Blackburn, S., Hopcraft, J. G. C., Ogutu, J. O., Matthiopoulos, J., & Frank, L. (2016). Human–wildlife conflict, benefit sharing and the survival of lions in pastoralist community-based conservancies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53 (4), 1195–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12632
[5]	Crystal, H., & Courtney, A. (2015). Sustainable Africapitalism ? Grassroots Perceptions of Maasai Mara Conservancies and their Relationship with Development (The University of Edinburgh). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325485343_Sustainable_Africapitalism_Grassroots_perceptions_of_Maasai_Mara_conservancies_and_their_relationship_with_development
[6]	Farrington, J., Carney, D., Ashley, C., & Turton, C. (1999). SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN PRACTICE : EARLY APPLICATIONS OF CONCEPTS IN RURAL AREAS. Natural Perspective Resource, (42). Retrieved from http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/4235/42-sustainable-livelihoods-in-practice-rural-areas.pdf?sequence=1
[7]	Fausto O. Sarmiento. (2011). Sustainability and the Biosphere Reserve: A Compromise between Biodiversity, Conservation and Farmscape Transformation. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/21119515/Sustainability_and_the_Biosphere_Reserve_A_Compromise_between_Biodiversity_Conservation_and_Farmscape_Transformation
[8]	GeAnge Imanishimwe, T. N., & Nsabimana, and D. (2018). Contribution of Community Conservation and Ecotourism Projects on Improving Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation in and. 7 (4). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0269.1000363
[9]	Halcomb, E. J., & Hickman, L. (2015). Mixed methods research. 29, 41–47.
[10]	Herbert Ntuli, E. M. (2015). A Bio-economic Analysis of Community Wildlife Conservation in Zimbabwe. (November).
[11]	Homans, G. C. (1961). Social Behavio: Its Elementary Forms (R. K. Merton, Ed.). New York. Burlingane: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
[12]	IEBC. (2017). MVR_II_Kits_Distribution. Government of Kenya.
[13]	Jemitias Mapira. (2017). ZIMBABWE’S PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY: CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, (2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.583637
[14]	Judith Schoonenboom and R. Burke Johnson. (2017). How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design.
[15]	Kathleen A. Galvin, T. A. B. and M. W. L. (2018). African community-based conservation : a systematic review of social and. 23 (3).
[16]	Kenya National Bureau Of Statistics. (2010). The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census “ Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030.”
[17]	Kenya Population and Housing Census. (2019).
[18]	Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (Second rev). New Age International Publisher.
[19]	M. Kollmair and St. Gamper, J. (2002). THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH.
[20]	Mojo, D., Oduor, A. M. O., Fu, C., Long, H., Wang, G., & Zhang, L. (2020). Effects of protected areas on welfare of local households : The case of Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. (May), 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10123
[21]	Morse, S., Mcnamara, N., & Acholo, M. (2009). Sustainable Livelihood Approach : A critical analysis of theory and Sustainable Livelihood Approach : A critical analysis of theory and practice.
[22]	Mosimane, A. W., & Silva, J. A. (2015). Local Governance Institutions, CBNRM, and Benefit-sharing Systems in Namibian Conservancies. 8 (2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n2p99
[23]	Mugenda, G. A and Mugenda, O.. (1999). Reaserch Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi, Acts Press.
[24]	Muthoni, J. W., & Wangui, E. E. (2015). Women and Climate Change : Strategies for Adaptive Capacity in Mwanga Women and Climate Change : Strategies for Adaptive Capacity in Mwanga District, Tanzania. (November). https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2012.756766
[25]	Naliaka, E., Moi, W., Resource, N., & Management, W. (2018). Kenya - Transmara District TEMP O R A L AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION O F H U M A N E L E P H A N T C O N F L I C T IN T R A N S M ARA DISTRICT-KENYA THE P U R P O SE (MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION S) Research questions. 1–7.
[26]	Narok County Government. (2018). COUNTY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR NAROK COUNTY (2018-2023).
[27]	Nkhata, B. A., Breen, C., & Mosimane, A. (2012). Engaging common property theory : implications for benefit sharing research in developing countries. 6 (1), 52–69.
[28]	Ntuli, H., Jagers, S. C., Muchapondwa, E., Linell, A., & Ö, M. S. (2018). Factors influencing people ’ s perceptions towards conservation of transboundary wildlife resources. The case of the Great- Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area. (October).
[29]	Obong, L. B., Aniah, E. J., Okaba, L. A., & Effiom, V. A. (2013). Sustainable Livelihood in the Cross River National Park (CRNP), Oban Division, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4 (16), 219–231. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263661806_Sustainable_Livelihood_in_the_Cross_River_National_Park_CRNP_Oban_Nigeria
[30]	Pienaar, E. F., Jarvis, L. S., & Larson, D. M. (2013). Creating Direct Incentives for Wildlife Conservation in Community-Based Natural Resource Management Programmes in Botswana The Journal of Development Studies Creating Direct Incentives for Wildlife Conservation in Community-Based Natural Resource Management Programmes in Botswana. (April 2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.720366
[31]	Redmond, M. V. (2015). Social Exchange Theory.
[32]	Reid, R. S., Nkedianye, D., Said, M. Y., Kaelo, D., Neselle, M., Makui, O., … Kiruswa, S. (2016). Evolution of models to support community and policy action with science : Balancing pastoral livelihoods and wildlife conservation in savannas of East Africa. 113 (17), 4579–4584. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900313106
[33]	Riehl, B., Zerriffi, H., & Naidoo, R. (2015). Effects of community-based natural resource management on household welfare in Namibia. PLoS ONE, 10 (5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125531
[34]	Robert, C. G. and C. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century.
[35]	Sakala, W. D., & Moyo, S. (2017). Socio-Economic Benefits of Community Participation in Wildlife Management in Zambia. 2 (14), 1–18.
[36]	Shah, P. M. and M. S. (2019). Benefits of Protected Areas to Adjacent Communities : The Case of Maasai Mara Benefits of Protected Areas to Adjacent Communities : The Case of Maasai Mara National Reserve In Kenya. Africa Journal of Physical Sciences, (February).
[37]	Sitati Noah, Nigel Leader-Williams, Matt Walpole, P. S. (2007). FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION REPORTS Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict : Case Studies from Africa and Asia Matt Walpole and Matthew Linkie (Eds). (January). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308416516
[38]	Stanley M. Makindi1, Mark N. Mutinda, Nicholas K. W. Olekaikai, Wilson L. Olelebo, A. A., & Aboud5. (2014). Human-Wildlife Conflicts : Causes and Mitigation Measures in Tsavo Conservation Area, Kenya. 3 (6), 1025–1031.
[39]	UNDP. (2014). The economic benefits of protecting wildlife. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/11/economic-benefits-protecting-wildlife/
[40]	Unep. (2014). Illicit wildlife trafficking: an environmental, economic and social issue. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7466/-UNEP_Perspective_Series_–_Illicit_Wildlife_Trafficking_An_Environmental,_Economic_and_Social_Issue-2014ENVIRONMENT_PAPERS_DISCUSSION_14.pdf.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
[41]	US Fish, W. S. (2016). Measures of Effectiveness for Wildlife Conservation in Central America. (September), 1–37. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/guidance-
[42]	Valdés-rodríguez, O. A., Pérez-vázquez, A., Tropicales, D. I., & Veracruzana, U. (2014). Sustainable livelihoods : An analysis of the methodology. (May).
[43]	Walpole, M. J., & Thouless, C. R. (2009). Increasing the value of wildlife through non-consumptive use? Deconstructing the myths of ecotourism and community-based tourism in the tropics. (January 2005), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614774.009
[44]	WWF. (2014). Living Planet Report 2014: Species and spaces, people and places.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat, James Simiren Nampushi, Maurice Omollo. (2022). Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 6(4), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat; James Simiren Nampushi; Maurice Omollo. Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya. Int. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2022, 6(4), 90-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat, James Simiren Nampushi, Maurice Omollo. Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2022;6(4):90-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13,
  author = {Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat and James Simiren Nampushi and Maurice Omollo},
  title = {Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya},
  journal = {International Journal of Animal Science and Technology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {90-99},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijast.20220604.13},
  abstract = {This paper assessed the relative influence of distance from protected areas on the distribution of the socio-economic benefits derived from conservation areas to the local communities. The local people living adjacent to the protected areas are expected to have high interactions with wildlife which in most cases it turns out to be negative co-existence, because of the high interruption caused to the local community’s livelihood networks. Further, closer to protected areas wildlife economic costs are felt at high intensity as compared to the community living further away from a protected area. Distributive justice requires that, the adjacent community should receive the greatest reward commensurate to the economic costs they face through mechanisms such as compensation. This paper, therefore, focuses on whether socio-economic benefits varied with distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem. This study used Mixed Methods concurrent design and that the study area was stratified into 17 sublocations. Subjects within the strata were sampled through systematic random sampling. The main data collection tools were questionnaires, structured interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed that 62 % of the respondents were males, 40.8 % being majority were of age 38-47 years and 65 % were pastoralists. Further, the findings indicated that there were socio-economic benefits derived from the MMNR (r = -.180, df = 284, p = 0.002) and since p < 0.01, it revealed that socio-economic benefits vary significantly with distance from MMNR. The study concluded that, there are socio-economic benefits accruing from MMNR but the model used in resources distribution seemed inequitable. The study then recommends that; the County Government of Narok should enhance the 19% policy on compensation to 35% in order to equitably cover most of the deserving cases and that the establishments within the MMNR (hotels and camps) should consider partnering with the local community especially in trade.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya
AU  - Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat
AU  - James Simiren Nampushi
AU  - Maurice Omollo
Y1  - 2022/11/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
T2  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
SP  - 90
EP  - 99
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1312
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
AB  - This paper assessed the relative influence of distance from protected areas on the distribution of the socio-economic benefits derived from conservation areas to the local communities. The local people living adjacent to the protected areas are expected to have high interactions with wildlife which in most cases it turns out to be negative co-existence, because of the high interruption caused to the local community’s livelihood networks. Further, closer to protected areas wildlife economic costs are felt at high intensity as compared to the community living further away from a protected area. Distributive justice requires that, the adjacent community should receive the greatest reward commensurate to the economic costs they face through mechanisms such as compensation. This paper, therefore, focuses on whether socio-economic benefits varied with distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem. This study used Mixed Methods concurrent design and that the study area was stratified into 17 sublocations. Subjects within the strata were sampled through systematic random sampling. The main data collection tools were questionnaires, structured interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed that 62 % of the respondents were males, 40.8 % being majority were of age 38-47 years and 65 % were pastoralists. Further, the findings indicated that there were socio-economic benefits derived from the MMNR (r = -.180, df = 284, p = 0.002) and since p < 0.01, it revealed that socio-economic benefits vary significantly with distance from MMNR. The study concluded that, there are socio-economic benefits accruing from MMNR but the model used in resources distribution seemed inequitable. The study then recommends that; the County Government of Narok should enhance the 19% policy on compensation to 35% in order to equitably cover most of the deserving cases and that the establishments within the MMNR (hotels and camps) should consider partnering with the local community especially in trade.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat

Department of Environmental Studies Geography and Agriculture, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
James Simiren Nampushi

Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
Maurice Omollo

Department of Environmental Studies Geography and Agriculture, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat, James Simiren Nampushi, Maurice Omollo. (2022). Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 6(4), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat; James Simiren Nampushi; Maurice Omollo. Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya. Int. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2022, 6(4), 90-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat, James Simiren Nampushi, Maurice Omollo. Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2022;6(4):90-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13,
  author = {Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat and James Simiren Nampushi and Maurice Omollo},
  title = {Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya},
  journal = {International Journal of Animal Science and Technology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {90-99},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijast.20220604.13},
  abstract = {This paper assessed the relative influence of distance from protected areas on the distribution of the socio-economic benefits derived from conservation areas to the local communities. The local people living adjacent to the protected areas are expected to have high interactions with wildlife which in most cases it turns out to be negative co-existence, because of the high interruption caused to the local community’s livelihood networks. Further, closer to protected areas wildlife economic costs are felt at high intensity as compared to the community living further away from a protected area. Distributive justice requires that, the adjacent community should receive the greatest reward commensurate to the economic costs they face through mechanisms such as compensation. This paper, therefore, focuses on whether socio-economic benefits varied with distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem. This study used Mixed Methods concurrent design and that the study area was stratified into 17 sublocations. Subjects within the strata were sampled through systematic random sampling. The main data collection tools were questionnaires, structured interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed that 62 % of the respondents were males, 40.8 % being majority were of age 38-47 years and 65 % were pastoralists. Further, the findings indicated that there were socio-economic benefits derived from the MMNR (r = -.180, df = 284, p = 0.002) and since p < 0.01, it revealed that socio-economic benefits vary significantly with distance from MMNR. The study concluded that, there are socio-economic benefits accruing from MMNR but the model used in resources distribution seemed inequitable. The study then recommends that; the County Government of Narok should enhance the 19% policy on compensation to 35% in order to equitably cover most of the deserving cases and that the establishments within the MMNR (hotels and camps) should consider partnering with the local community especially in trade.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Socio-Economic Benefits of Wildlife Conservation Relative to Distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve, Narok County, Kenya
AU  - Kipkosgei Meshack Lagat
AU  - James Simiren Nampushi
AU  - Maurice Omollo
Y1  - 2022/11/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
T2  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
SP  - 90
EP  - 99
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1312
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20220604.13
AB  - This paper assessed the relative influence of distance from protected areas on the distribution of the socio-economic benefits derived from conservation areas to the local communities. The local people living adjacent to the protected areas are expected to have high interactions with wildlife which in most cases it turns out to be negative co-existence, because of the high interruption caused to the local community’s livelihood networks. Further, closer to protected areas wildlife economic costs are felt at high intensity as compared to the community living further away from a protected area. Distributive justice requires that, the adjacent community should receive the greatest reward commensurate to the economic costs they face through mechanisms such as compensation. This paper, therefore, focuses on whether socio-economic benefits varied with distance from Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem. This study used Mixed Methods concurrent design and that the study area was stratified into 17 sublocations. Subjects within the strata were sampled through systematic random sampling. The main data collection tools were questionnaires, structured interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed that 62 % of the respondents were males, 40.8 % being majority were of age 38-47 years and 65 % were pastoralists. Further, the findings indicated that there were socio-economic benefits derived from the MMNR (r = -.180, df = 284, p = 0.002) and since p < 0.01, it revealed that socio-economic benefits vary significantly with distance from MMNR. The study concluded that, there are socio-economic benefits accruing from MMNR but the model used in resources distribution seemed inequitable. The study then recommends that; the County Government of Narok should enhance the 19% policy on compensation to 35% in order to equitably cover most of the deserving cases and that the establishments within the MMNR (hotels and camps) should consider partnering with the local community especially in trade.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download