Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo; Jane Ngaira; Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti; Henry Athiany; Yatinder Binepal; Leonard Ateya

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, Leonard Ateya

Published in International Journal of Animal Science and Technology (Volume 5, Issue 3)

Received: 13 July 2021 Accepted: 26 July 2021 Published: 2 August 2021

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Abstract

Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.

Published in	International Journal of Animal Science and Technology (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
Page(s)	57-69
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Newcastle Disease, Vaccination, Indigenous Chicken

References

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APA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. (2021). Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 5(3), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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ACS Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo; Jane Ngaira; Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti; Henry Athiany; Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2021, 5(3), 57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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AMA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;5(3):57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12,
  author = {Auleria Ajiambo Apopo and Jane Ngaira and Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti and Henry Athiany and Yatinder Binepal and Leonard Ateya},
  title = {Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Animal Science and Technology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {57-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijast.20210503.12},
  abstract = {Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study
AU  - Auleria Ajiambo Apopo
AU  - Jane Ngaira
AU  - Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti
AU  - Henry Athiany
AU  - Yatinder Binepal
AU  - Leonard Ateya
Y1  - 2021/08/02
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
T2  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
SP  - 57
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1312
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
AB  - Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo

Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
Jane Ngaira

Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti

Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
Henry Athiany

Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Yatinder Binepal

Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural, and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
Leonard Ateya

Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural, and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya

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APA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. (2021). Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 5(3), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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ACS Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo; Jane Ngaira; Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti; Henry Athiany; Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2021, 5(3), 57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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AMA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;5(3):57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12,
  author = {Auleria Ajiambo Apopo and Jane Ngaira and Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti and Henry Athiany and Yatinder Binepal and Leonard Ateya},
  title = {Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Animal Science and Technology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {57-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijast.20210503.12},
  abstract = {Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study
AU  - Auleria Ajiambo Apopo
AU  - Jane Ngaira
AU  - Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti
AU  - Henry Athiany
AU  - Yatinder Binepal
AU  - Leonard Ateya
Y1  - 2021/08/02
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
T2  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
SP  - 57
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1312
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
AB  - Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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