Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region

Aminu Abba; Muhammad Halliru; Sani Ubale; Amina Mustapha; Amina Mustapha Lawan; Nuhu Bello Rano; Amina Idris; Hauwa Ladi; Muhammad Musa Bello

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region

Aminu Abba, Muhammad Halliru, Sani Ubale, Amina Mustapha, Amina Mustapha Lawan, Nuhu Bello Rano, Amina Idris, Hauwa Ladi, Muhammad Musa Bello

Published in International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 11 April 2022 Accepted: 28 April 2022 Published: 7 May 2022

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Abstract

Agriculture and other income-generating activities in the Sudano-Sahelian region face many natural and human constraints that affect households' economic activities and livelihood development over time. Stratified and simple random sampling considered 1,200 households across four (4) Sudano-Sahelian States with 300 respondents each from Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi and Gombe. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire to information on livelihood and income generating activities. The findings regarding household demographics indicated active age, moderate farming experience and average income, respectively. The results further show overall access to credit, market, extension contact and cooperative participation of 14.68%%, 73.21%, 56.90% and 63.28%, respectively. Ownership and the capital problem have been the major constraints to land access for crop production. The majority of the household goes into multiple income-generating activities with a shortage of planning and guidance on the value of income diversification. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high income and livelihood deterioration of households' remittances from internal and external sources. The significant variable that affects income diversification includes education, off-farm income, access to credit, and output volume. The development of households and community requires multiple income alternatives for improved livelihood in saving mobilisation and investment opportunities. Households in the Sudano-Sahelian region engaged in agriculture and additional income sources that must be strengthened to support income generation. The study further concluded the existence of potential income diversification alternatives in rural including multiple cropping, off-farm investment, and non-farm income potentials. COVID-19 period posed a serious constraint to households, particularly deterioration in income sources, making livelihood activities more difficult. Access to credit, educational status, off-farm income generation, and output volume are the strongest determinants of income diversification in the Sudano-Sahelian region. The study recommends the need for government and development agencies to improve the quality and availability of rural infrastructural facilities (road, markets, electricity) in the study area to help rural households sustain their investment and engage in sustainable livelihood activities. The development of essential programs on enterprise support and business development service is essential to strengthen livelihood and income diversification opportunities. Strengthening cooperative participation and awareness creation on savings and investment opportunities is essential for sustainable livelihood, implying the need for collective actions, enhancing risk strategies, and influencing government policies for livelihood development.

Published in	International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
Page(s)	96-107
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Livelihood, Diversification, Coping Strategy, Sudano-Sahelian

References

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APA Style

Aminu Abba, Muhammad Halliru, Sani Ubale, Amina Mustapha, Amina Mustapha Lawan, et al. (2022). Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

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ACS Style

Aminu Abba; Muhammad Halliru; Sani Ubale; Amina Mustapha; Amina Mustapha Lawan, et al. Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2022, 7(3), 96-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

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AMA Style

Aminu Abba, Muhammad Halliru, Sani Ubale, Amina Mustapha, Amina Mustapha Lawan, et al. Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region. Int J Agric Econ. 2022;7(3):96-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11,
  author = {Aminu Abba and Muhammad Halliru and Sani Ubale and Amina Mustapha and Amina Mustapha Lawan and Nuhu Bello Rano and Amina Idris and Hauwa Ladi and Muhammad Musa Bello},
  title = {Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region},
  journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {96-107},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20220703.11},
  abstract = {Agriculture and other income-generating activities in the Sudano-Sahelian region face many natural and human constraints that affect households' economic activities and livelihood development over time. Stratified and simple random sampling considered 1,200 households across four (4) Sudano-Sahelian States with 300 respondents each from Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi and Gombe. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire to information on livelihood and income generating activities. The findings regarding household demographics indicated active age, moderate farming experience and average income, respectively. The results further show overall access to credit, market, extension contact and cooperative participation of 14.68%%, 73.21%, 56.90% and 63.28%, respectively. Ownership and the capital problem have been the major constraints to land access for crop production. The majority of the household goes into multiple income-generating activities with a shortage of planning and guidance on the value of income diversification. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high income and livelihood deterioration of households' remittances from internal and external sources. The significant variable that affects income diversification includes education, off-farm income, access to credit, and output volume. The development of households and community requires multiple income alternatives for improved livelihood in saving mobilisation and investment opportunities. Households in the Sudano-Sahelian region engaged in agriculture and additional income sources that must be strengthened to support income generation. The study further concluded the existence of potential income diversification alternatives in rural including multiple cropping, off-farm investment, and non-farm income potentials. COVID-19 period posed a serious constraint to households, particularly deterioration in income sources, making livelihood activities more difficult. Access to credit, educational status, off-farm income generation, and output volume are the strongest determinants of income diversification in the Sudano-Sahelian region. The study recommends the need for government and development agencies to improve the quality and availability of rural infrastructural facilities (road, markets, electricity) in the study area to help rural households sustain their investment and engage in sustainable livelihood activities. The development of essential programs on enterprise support and business development service is essential to strengthen livelihood and income diversification opportunities. Strengthening cooperative participation and awareness creation on savings and investment opportunities is essential for sustainable livelihood, implying the need for collective actions, enhancing risk strategies, and influencing government policies for livelihood development.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region
AU  - Aminu Abba
AU  - Muhammad Halliru
AU  - Sani Ubale
AU  - Amina Mustapha
AU  - Amina Mustapha Lawan
AU  - Nuhu Bello Rano
AU  - Amina Idris
AU  - Hauwa Ladi
AU  - Muhammad Musa Bello
Y1  - 2022/05/07
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
T2  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JF  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JO  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
SP  - 96
EP  - 107
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3843
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
AB  - Agriculture and other income-generating activities in the Sudano-Sahelian region face many natural and human constraints that affect households' economic activities and livelihood development over time. Stratified and simple random sampling considered 1,200 households across four (4) Sudano-Sahelian States with 300 respondents each from Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi and Gombe. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire to information on livelihood and income generating activities. The findings regarding household demographics indicated active age, moderate farming experience and average income, respectively. The results further show overall access to credit, market, extension contact and cooperative participation of 14.68%%, 73.21%, 56.90% and 63.28%, respectively. Ownership and the capital problem have been the major constraints to land access for crop production. The majority of the household goes into multiple income-generating activities with a shortage of planning and guidance on the value of income diversification. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high income and livelihood deterioration of households' remittances from internal and external sources. The significant variable that affects income diversification includes education, off-farm income, access to credit, and output volume. The development of households and community requires multiple income alternatives for improved livelihood in saving mobilisation and investment opportunities. Households in the Sudano-Sahelian region engaged in agriculture and additional income sources that must be strengthened to support income generation. The study further concluded the existence of potential income diversification alternatives in rural including multiple cropping, off-farm investment, and non-farm income potentials. COVID-19 period posed a serious constraint to households, particularly deterioration in income sources, making livelihood activities more difficult. Access to credit, educational status, off-farm income generation, and output volume are the strongest determinants of income diversification in the Sudano-Sahelian region. The study recommends the need for government and development agencies to improve the quality and availability of rural infrastructural facilities (road, markets, electricity) in the study area to help rural households sustain their investment and engage in sustainable livelihood activities. The development of essential programs on enterprise support and business development service is essential to strengthen livelihood and income diversification opportunities. Strengthening cooperative participation and awareness creation on savings and investment opportunities is essential for sustainable livelihood, implying the need for collective actions, enhancing risk strategies, and influencing government policies for livelihood development.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Aminu Abba

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Muhammad Halliru

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Sani Ubale

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Amina Mustapha

Centre for Dry Land Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Amina Mustapha Lawan

Centre for Dry Land Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Nuhu Bello Rano

Department of Animal Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Amina Idris

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Hauwa Ladi

Department of Food Science and Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Muhammad Musa Bello

Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

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APA Style

Aminu Abba, Muhammad Halliru, Sani Ubale, Amina Mustapha, Amina Mustapha Lawan, et al. (2022). Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

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ACS Style

Aminu Abba; Muhammad Halliru; Sani Ubale; Amina Mustapha; Amina Mustapha Lawan, et al. Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2022, 7(3), 96-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

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AMA Style

Aminu Abba, Muhammad Halliru, Sani Ubale, Amina Mustapha, Amina Mustapha Lawan, et al. Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region. Int J Agric Econ. 2022;7(3):96-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11,
  author = {Aminu Abba and Muhammad Halliru and Sani Ubale and Amina Mustapha and Amina Mustapha Lawan and Nuhu Bello Rano and Amina Idris and Hauwa Ladi and Muhammad Musa Bello},
  title = {Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region},
  journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {96-107},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20220703.11},
  abstract = {Agriculture and other income-generating activities in the Sudano-Sahelian region face many natural and human constraints that affect households' economic activities and livelihood development over time. Stratified and simple random sampling considered 1,200 households across four (4) Sudano-Sahelian States with 300 respondents each from Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi and Gombe. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire to information on livelihood and income generating activities. The findings regarding household demographics indicated active age, moderate farming experience and average income, respectively. The results further show overall access to credit, market, extension contact and cooperative participation of 14.68%%, 73.21%, 56.90% and 63.28%, respectively. Ownership and the capital problem have been the major constraints to land access for crop production. The majority of the household goes into multiple income-generating activities with a shortage of planning and guidance on the value of income diversification. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high income and livelihood deterioration of households' remittances from internal and external sources. The significant variable that affects income diversification includes education, off-farm income, access to credit, and output volume. The development of households and community requires multiple income alternatives for improved livelihood in saving mobilisation and investment opportunities. Households in the Sudano-Sahelian region engaged in agriculture and additional income sources that must be strengthened to support income generation. The study further concluded the existence of potential income diversification alternatives in rural including multiple cropping, off-farm investment, and non-farm income potentials. COVID-19 period posed a serious constraint to households, particularly deterioration in income sources, making livelihood activities more difficult. Access to credit, educational status, off-farm income generation, and output volume are the strongest determinants of income diversification in the Sudano-Sahelian region. The study recommends the need for government and development agencies to improve the quality and availability of rural infrastructural facilities (road, markets, electricity) in the study area to help rural households sustain their investment and engage in sustainable livelihood activities. The development of essential programs on enterprise support and business development service is essential to strengthen livelihood and income diversification opportunities. Strengthening cooperative participation and awareness creation on savings and investment opportunities is essential for sustainable livelihood, implying the need for collective actions, enhancing risk strategies, and influencing government policies for livelihood development.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Livelihood and Income Diversification Assessment in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from Sudano-Sahelian Region
AU  - Aminu Abba
AU  - Muhammad Halliru
AU  - Sani Ubale
AU  - Amina Mustapha
AU  - Amina Mustapha Lawan
AU  - Nuhu Bello Rano
AU  - Amina Idris
AU  - Hauwa Ladi
AU  - Muhammad Musa Bello
Y1  - 2022/05/07
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
T2  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JF  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JO  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
SP  - 96
EP  - 107
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3843
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.11
AB  - Agriculture and other income-generating activities in the Sudano-Sahelian region face many natural and human constraints that affect households' economic activities and livelihood development over time. Stratified and simple random sampling considered 1,200 households across four (4) Sudano-Sahelian States with 300 respondents each from Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi and Gombe. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire to information on livelihood and income generating activities. The findings regarding household demographics indicated active age, moderate farming experience and average income, respectively. The results further show overall access to credit, market, extension contact and cooperative participation of 14.68%%, 73.21%, 56.90% and 63.28%, respectively. Ownership and the capital problem have been the major constraints to land access for crop production. The majority of the household goes into multiple income-generating activities with a shortage of planning and guidance on the value of income diversification. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high income and livelihood deterioration of households' remittances from internal and external sources. The significant variable that affects income diversification includes education, off-farm income, access to credit, and output volume. The development of households and community requires multiple income alternatives for improved livelihood in saving mobilisation and investment opportunities. Households in the Sudano-Sahelian region engaged in agriculture and additional income sources that must be strengthened to support income generation. The study further concluded the existence of potential income diversification alternatives in rural including multiple cropping, off-farm investment, and non-farm income potentials. COVID-19 period posed a serious constraint to households, particularly deterioration in income sources, making livelihood activities more difficult. Access to credit, educational status, off-farm income generation, and output volume are the strongest determinants of income diversification in the Sudano-Sahelian region. The study recommends the need for government and development agencies to improve the quality and availability of rural infrastructural facilities (road, markets, electricity) in the study area to help rural households sustain their investment and engage in sustainable livelihood activities. The development of essential programs on enterprise support and business development service is essential to strengthen livelihood and income diversification opportunities. Strengthening cooperative participation and awareness creation on savings and investment opportunities is essential for sustainable livelihood, implying the need for collective actions, enhancing risk strategies, and influencing government policies for livelihood development.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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