Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa; Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini; Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa, Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini, Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady

Published in International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 5)

Received: 2 August 2017 Accepted: 14 August 2017 Published: 26 September 2017

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

A field trial was conducted in a private farm at AL-Hilla, Iraq during the growing season 2014-2015. The objective of this study was to investigate the foliar application of ethephon and gibberellin on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Iba.99 planted in different dates. Results of this experiment revealed that: application of ethephon (GR₂) caused a significant increase in grain yield (an average) of 3.754 t ha^-1 due to its superiority in one of the main components (number of spike.m^-2) which was amounted to 328.25 spike m^-2 as a result of increased number of tillers (377.18 tiller m^-2). However, gibberellin (GR₁) had significant increase in the weight of thousand grain (38.26 g). Planting date in November 18 (D3) significantly increased the grain yield to 5.25 tons. ha^-1 due to high values of grain yield components. Most growth traits, were reflected in an increased biological yield. There was a significant interaction between planting dates and plant growth regulators (ethephon and gibberellin) in all traits, except spike length.

Published in	International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
Page(s)	136-142
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Gibberellin, Ethephon, Sowing Date, Growth, Grain Yield, Bread Wheat

References

[1]	Darby, B. J, Neher, D. A.; Housman, D. C.; Belnap, J. (2011). Few apparent short-term effects of elevated soil temperature and increased frequency of summer precipitation on the abundance and taxonomic diversity of desert soil micro-and meso-fauna. Soil Biol Biochem 43:1474–1481.
[2]	Brown, B. and Walsh, O. S. (2016). Planting Dates in Wheat Production. Bulletin 906. University of Idaho. 10 pp..
[3]	Thiry, A. D. E.; Sears, R. G.; Shroyer J. P. and Paulsen, G. M. (2002). Relationship between tillering and grain yield of Kansas wheat varieties. Kansas University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, USA. http://oznet. Ksu. Edu.
[4]	Lemoine R.; La Camera, S.; Atanassova, R.; Dédaldéchamp, F.; Allario, T.; Pourtau, N.; Bonnemain, J. L.; Laloi, M.; Coutos-Thévenot, P.; Maurousset, L. (2013). Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. Front Plant Sci 4: 272.
[5]	Principles of Agronomy, Kalyani. New Delhi-110002. India- pp:527.[5] Reddy, T. Y. and Reddi, G. H.(2010)
[6]	Bijanzadeh, E. and Emam, Y. (2010). Effect of Source-Sink Manipulation on Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristic of Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum and T. durum L.). Journal of Applied Sciences, 10: 564-569.
[7]	Iqbal, N., R. Nazar, M. Iqbal, R. Khan, A. Masood and N. A. Khan. (2011). Role of gibberellins in regulation of source– sink relations under optimal and limiting environmental conditions. Current Sci. 100(7):998-1007.
[8]	Mohamed, H. H. (2000). Characteristics of the growth, yield and quality of varieties of bread wheat under the influence of planting date. PhD thesis. College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad - Iraq.
[9]	Alyonis, A. A. (1993). production and improvement of field crops, (part 1). cereal crops and legumes. Baghdad of University. College of Agriculture – Iraq. pp: 469.
[10]	Assero, S. G. and Tognetti, G. A. (2010). tillering regulations by endogenous and environmental factors and its agricultural managment. The Imericas J. Plant Sci and Biotech, 4 (specialissuel): 935-945.
[11]	Van sanford, D. A.; Grove, J. H.; Grabau, L. J. and Mackown, C. T. (1989). Ethephon and nitrogen use in winter wheat. Agro. J. 81: 951-954.
[12]	Gai, T.; Xu, H. and Peny, D. (2014). Exogenous hormonal application improves grain yield of wheat by optimizing tiller productivity. Field crop Research. 155: 172-183.
[13]	Ramburan, S. (2006). The effect of chlormequat chloride and ethephon on selected small grain cereals in South Africn. M. Sc. Thesis, Agric. Of Sci., Univ. of KWA.
[14]	Zadoks, J. C.; Change T. T. and Knozak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res. 14: 415-421.
[15]	Shekoofa, A. and Emam, Y. (2008). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on yield of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Shiroz. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 10:101-108.
[16]	Bos, H. J and Neuteboom, J. H. (1998). Morphological analysis of leaf and tiller number dynamics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): responses to temperature and light intensity. Annals of Botany 81: 131–139.
[17]	Equiza M. A. and. Tognetti, J. A. (.2001). Root growth inhibition by low temperature explains differences in sugar accumulation between spring and winter wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physio. 28: 1249–1259.
[18]	Equiza, M. A. and Tognetti, J. A.( 2002).. Morphological plasticity of spring and winter wheat under changing temperatures. Funct. Plant Biol. 29: 1427–1436.
[19]	Liu, Y.; Chen, W.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Q.; Li, G. and Wang, S. (2012). Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the growth of unproductive tillers and the grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). African J. Agric. Res. 7(4): 534-539.
[20]	Ma, B. L., and Smith, D. L. (1991). Apical development of spring barley in relation to chloromequat and ethephon. Agro. J. 83: 270-274.
[21]	Woodward, E. J. and Marshall, C. (1988). Effect of plant growth regulators and nutrient supply on tiller bud outgrowth in barley (Hordeum distichum L.). Ann. Bot. (London) 61(3): 347-354.
[22]	Rajala, A. and Peltonen-Sainio, P.(2001). Plant growth regulator effects on spring cereal root and shoot growth. Agron. J. 93: 936–943.
[23]	Al-Hassan, M. F. H. (2007). Pattern and tillering Severability of Five Varieties of Wheat by the Effect of the Sowing Dates and its Relation to Grain and its Components. Master Thesis, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad.
[24]	Nelson, J.( 2000). Shoot morphological plasticity of grasses: leat growth vs tillering In: Lemaire G, Hodgson J, De Moraes A, Cavalho PC de F, Nabinger,C (Eds) Grassland Ecophysiology and Crazing, CBA Internationl, Walling ford. pp 101- 126. Ma, B. L., and D. L. Smith. 1991. Apical development of spring barley in relation to chloromequat and ethephon. Agro. J. 83: 270-274.
[25]	Attia, H. G. and Jaddoa, K. A. (1999. Plant Growth Regulators. Theory and Practices. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Baghdad- Iraq
[26]	Kirby, E. J. M. (1988). Analysis of leaf, stem and ear growth in wheat from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis. Field Crops Research.,18:127–140.
[27]	Cottrell, J. E.; Easton, R. H.; Dale, J. E.; Wadsworth, A. C.; Adam, J. S.; Child R. D. and Hoad, G. V. (1985). A comparison of spike and spikelet survival in main stem and tillers of barley. Anna. Appl. Bio. 106 (2): 365–377.
[28]	Chen, L.; Hao, L.; Condon, A. G. and Hu, Y. G. (2014). Exogenous ga3 application can compensate the morphogenetic effects of the ga-responsive dwarfing gene rht12 in bread wheat. plos one 9(1): e86431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086431.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa, Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini, Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady. (2017). Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 3(5), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa; Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini; Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady. Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2017, 3(5), 136-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa, Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini, Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady. Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2017;3(5):136-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15,
  author = {Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa and Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini and Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady},
  title = {Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {136-142},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20170305.15},
  abstract = {A field trial was conducted in a private farm at AL-Hilla, Iraq during the growing season 2014-2015. The objective of this study was to investigate the foliar application of ethephon and gibberellin on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Iba.99 planted in different dates. Results of this experiment revealed that: application of ethephon (GR2) caused a significant increase in grain yield (an average) of 3.754 t ha-1 due to its superiority in one of the main components (number of spike.m-2) which was amounted to 328.25 spike m-2 as a result of increased number of tillers (377.18 tiller m-2). However, gibberellin (GR1) had significant increase in the weight of thousand grain (38.26 g). Planting date in November 18 (D3) significantly increased the grain yield to 5.25 tons. ha-1 due to high values of grain yield components. Most growth traits, were reflected in an increased biological yield. There was a significant interaction between planting dates and plant growth regulators (ethephon and gibberellin) in all traits, except spike length.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates
AU  - Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa
AU  - Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini
AU  - Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady
Y1  - 2017/09/26
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 136
EP  - 142
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
AB  - A field trial was conducted in a private farm at AL-Hilla, Iraq during the growing season 2014-2015. The objective of this study was to investigate the foliar application of ethephon and gibberellin on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Iba.99 planted in different dates. Results of this experiment revealed that: application of ethephon (GR2) caused a significant increase in grain yield (an average) of 3.754 t ha-1 due to its superiority in one of the main components (number of spike.m-2) which was amounted to 328.25 spike m-2 as a result of increased number of tillers (377.18 tiller m-2). However, gibberellin (GR1) had significant increase in the weight of thousand grain (38.26 g). Planting date in November 18 (D3) significantly increased the grain yield to 5.25 tons. ha-1 due to high values of grain yield components. Most growth traits, were reflected in an increased biological yield. There was a significant interaction between planting dates and plant growth regulators (ethephon and gibberellin) in all traits, except spike length.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa

University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture, Department of Field Crop Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini

Al-Qasim Green University, College of Agriculture, Department of Field Crop Sciences, Babil, Iraq
Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady

Al-Qasim Green University, College of Agriculture, Department of Field Crop Sciences, Babil, Iraq

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa, Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini, Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady. (2017). Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 3(5), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa; Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini; Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady. Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2017, 3(5), 136-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa, Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini, Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady. Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2017;3(5):136-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15,
  author = {Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa and Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini and Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady},
  title = {Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {136-142},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20170305.15},
  abstract = {A field trial was conducted in a private farm at AL-Hilla, Iraq during the growing season 2014-2015. The objective of this study was to investigate the foliar application of ethephon and gibberellin on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Iba.99 planted in different dates. Results of this experiment revealed that: application of ethephon (GR2) caused a significant increase in grain yield (an average) of 3.754 t ha-1 due to its superiority in one of the main components (number of spike.m-2) which was amounted to 328.25 spike m-2 as a result of increased number of tillers (377.18 tiller m-2). However, gibberellin (GR1) had significant increase in the weight of thousand grain (38.26 g). Planting date in November 18 (D3) significantly increased the grain yield to 5.25 tons. ha-1 due to high values of grain yield components. Most growth traits, were reflected in an increased biological yield. There was a significant interaction between planting dates and plant growth regulators (ethephon and gibberellin) in all traits, except spike length.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates
AU  - Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa
AU  - Ayad Hussein AL-Maeini
AU  - Raisan Ahmed AL-Zobiady
Y1  - 2017/09/26
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 136
EP  - 142
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
AB  - A field trial was conducted in a private farm at AL-Hilla, Iraq during the growing season 2014-2015. The objective of this study was to investigate the foliar application of ethephon and gibberellin on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Iba.99 planted in different dates. Results of this experiment revealed that: application of ethephon (GR2) caused a significant increase in grain yield (an average) of 3.754 t ha-1 due to its superiority in one of the main components (number of spike.m-2) which was amounted to 328.25 spike m-2 as a result of increased number of tillers (377.18 tiller m-2). However, gibberellin (GR1) had significant increase in the weight of thousand grain (38.26 g). Planting date in November 18 (D3) significantly increased the grain yield to 5.25 tons. ha-1 due to high values of grain yield components. Most growth traits, were reflected in an increased biological yield. There was a significant interaction between planting dates and plant growth regulators (ethephon and gibberellin) in all traits, except spike length.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download