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The Formation and Development of Ancient Sanskrit and Hiragana from a Cultural History Perspective

Received: 19 March 2026     Accepted: 9 April 2026     Published: 21 April 2026
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Abstract

This study examines the formation and development of Sanskrit and Hiragana in ancient times through a historical-cultural lens, clarifying the dialectical relationship between writing systems and social practices and power structures, aiming to fill an academic gap in a comprehensive approach to these two writing systems. Applying the ideological writing model, combined with the power and language theories of Michel Foucault and Saussure, to analyze writing as a cultural institution linked to a specific historical context, the study highlights the contrasts and similarities in the social roles of the two writing systems: Sanskrit developed from the oral Vedic tradition into a "sacred" language system, standardized to maintain the intellectual and ritual power of the Brahmin class, serving as a tool of orthodox religion. Conversely, Hiragana is a product of localization linked to a feminine semiotic space. If Sanskrit represented the standardization and power of masculinity, then Hiragana represented the expression of emotions, private life, and resistance against the dominance of Chinese writing, thereby affirming indigenous cultural identity. In short, the evolution of these two writing systems is vivid evidence that writing is both a tool for communication and a means of constructing and maintaining social order.

Published in Humanities and Social Sciences (Volume 14, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21
Page(s) 154-160
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hiragana, Power, Sanskrit, Social Practice

References
[1] Frellesvig, B. (2010). A history of the Japanese language. Cambridge University Press.
[2] Miller, R. A. (1967). The Japanese Language. University of Chicago Press.
[3] Martin, S. E. (1987). Reference Grammar of Japanese. Yale University Press.
[4] Endō, O. (2011). Women and Writing: Hiragana, Hangul, and Chinese Women's Script. Annual Report of the Center for Comparative Japanese Studies Education and Research.
[5] Yoshida, T. (2012). Differences in phonetic properties between different Japanese character sets. (Collection of Essays on Japanese Linguistics)
[6] Kojima, E., Fukumoto, M. (2013). The History of Japanese Kana and Romanization: From the Late Edo Period to the Mid-Meiji Period. Nagasaki Junior College Research Bulletin, (32), 39-43.
[7] Okada, K. (2021). The Meiji Era in the History of Hiragana. Hokkai Gakuen University Humanities Studies
[8] Street, B. V. (1984). Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
[9] Saussure, F. D. (2011). Course in general linguistics. Columbia University Press.
[10] Strauss, C. L. (1963). Structural anthropology. Basic Books.
[11] Foucault, M. (2004). The Archeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock.
[12] Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and women's place. Language in Society, 2 (1), 45-79.
[13] Davidson, R. M. (2013). Sanskrit in Tibetan literature. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 133 (1), 71-88.
[14] Ogura, S. (2015). Kana script styles of the 9th and 10th centuries—focusing on hiragana—. Research Report of the National Museum of Japanese History.
[15] Nguyen, T. D. (1991). Ancient Indian linguistics - An outstanding scientific contribution. Language, 1991 (3), 56-62.
[16] Nguyen, N. T. (2013). Textbook of Japanese History: Volume One - From ancient times to the end of the Edo Shogunate (1867).
[17] Edgerton, F. (1936). The Prakrit underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 8 (2-3), 501-516.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Nhu, L. T. M., Ha, N. D., Nhi, C. N. T., Giang, N. M. (2026). The Formation and Development of Ancient Sanskrit and Hiragana from a Cultural History Perspective. Humanities and Social Sciences, 14(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21

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    ACS Style

    Nhu, L. T. M.; Ha, N. D.; Nhi, C. N. T.; Giang, N. M. The Formation and Development of Ancient Sanskrit and Hiragana from a Cultural History Perspective. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2026, 14(2), 154-160. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21

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    AMA Style

    Nhu LTM, Ha ND, Nhi CNT, Giang NM. The Formation and Development of Ancient Sanskrit and Hiragana from a Cultural History Perspective. Humanit Soc Sci. 2026;14(2):154-160. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21

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  • @article{10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21,
      author = {Le Tran Minh Nhu and Nguyen Dong Ha and Cao Ngoc Thao Nhi and Nguyen Minh Giang},
      title = {The Formation and Development of Ancient Sanskrit and Hiragana from a Cultural History Perspective},
      journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences},
      volume = {14},
      number = {2},
      pages = {154-160},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20261402.21},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hss.20261402.21},
      abstract = {This study examines the formation and development of Sanskrit and Hiragana in ancient times through a historical-cultural lens, clarifying the dialectical relationship between writing systems and social practices and power structures, aiming to fill an academic gap in a comprehensive approach to these two writing systems. Applying the ideological writing model, combined with the power and language theories of Michel Foucault and Saussure, to analyze writing as a cultural institution linked to a specific historical context, the study highlights the contrasts and similarities in the social roles of the two writing systems: Sanskrit developed from the oral Vedic tradition into a "sacred" language system, standardized to maintain the intellectual and ritual power of the Brahmin class, serving as a tool of orthodox religion. Conversely, Hiragana is a product of localization linked to a feminine semiotic space. If Sanskrit represented the standardization and power of masculinity, then Hiragana represented the expression of emotions, private life, and resistance against the dominance of Chinese writing, thereby affirming indigenous cultural identity. In short, the evolution of these two writing systems is vivid evidence that writing is both a tool for communication and a means of constructing and maintaining social order.},
     year = {2026}
    }
    

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    AU  - Nguyen Dong Ha
    AU  - Cao Ngoc Thao Nhi
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    AB  - This study examines the formation and development of Sanskrit and Hiragana in ancient times through a historical-cultural lens, clarifying the dialectical relationship between writing systems and social practices and power structures, aiming to fill an academic gap in a comprehensive approach to these two writing systems. Applying the ideological writing model, combined with the power and language theories of Michel Foucault and Saussure, to analyze writing as a cultural institution linked to a specific historical context, the study highlights the contrasts and similarities in the social roles of the two writing systems: Sanskrit developed from the oral Vedic tradition into a "sacred" language system, standardized to maintain the intellectual and ritual power of the Brahmin class, serving as a tool of orthodox religion. Conversely, Hiragana is a product of localization linked to a feminine semiotic space. If Sanskrit represented the standardization and power of masculinity, then Hiragana represented the expression of emotions, private life, and resistance against the dominance of Chinese writing, thereby affirming indigenous cultural identity. In short, the evolution of these two writing systems is vivid evidence that writing is both a tool for communication and a means of constructing and maintaining social order.
    VL  - 14
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Author Information
  • Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

  • Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

  • Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

  • Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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