Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria

Iwueze Emeto Stephen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria

Iwueze Emeto Stephen

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 6)

Received: 26 August 2021 Accepted: 13 September 2021 Published: 31 December 2021

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Abstract

Mapping of bitumen saturated zones in Agbabu, southwestern Nigeria was carried out using electrical resistivity techniques involving 2D resistivity imaging and vertical electrical sounding (VES). The main objective of the research work was to delineate the bitumen saturated zone and their geologic implication(s) especially on the groundwater development over the study area. For the 2D resistivity imaging, a total of four traverses were established in the NE-SW direction with each traverses covering a total distance of between 150m to 160m. Twenty vertical electrical soundings were also carried out with the results showing KQ and HA curve types being predominant. The results of 2D resistivity imaging showed that the underlaying bitumen impregnated layers was overlain by a protective clay layer which has some discontinuities (weak zones) with traverses 1and 4 showing the most vulnerable zones in terms of groundwater pollution while traverses 2 and 3 appears to be less vulnerable. The VES results showed that the bitumen impregnated layers was within the third and fourth layers with resistivities ranged between 86Ωm to 255Ωm and occurring at depths ranged between 1.5m to 6m. The geologic discontinuities across the study area coupled with the shallow depth of occurrence of bitumen might be a drawback to any meaningful groundwater development within the study area.

Published in	Earth Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
Page(s)	332-345
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bitumen, Saturated Zones, Weak Zones, Agbabu, Resistivity Imaging, Clay formation, Wenner Array

References

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[2]	Ojuri O. O., Samuel A. O., David L. R., Barker J. F. (2009): Contamination potential of tar sand exploitation in the western Niger-Delta of Nigeria: baseline studies. Bull Eng Geol Environ (2010) 69: 119–128 DOI 10.1007/s10064-009-0239-5.
[3]	Alagbe O. A. (2020): Delineation of Bitumen Saturated Zones in Agbabu, Southwestern Nigeria, Using an Integrated Geophysical Methods. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources. Vol. 9, No. 3, 2020, pp. 88-97. doi: 10.11648/j.jenr.20200903.11.
[4]	Adewole M. G. (2009): Environmental implications of bitumen seep induced pollution in parts of Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci (2010) 59: 1507–1514.
[5]	Shadrach O. O., Jennifer O. A., Adeyinka S. Y. and Anochie V. (1996). Physical properties of Agbagbu and Yegbata Bitumen. Journal of Applied Science and Process Engineering Vol. 5, No 1, 2018.
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[7]	Olabemiwo O., Adediran G. O., Folahan A., Abass A. O. (2011). Impacts of Simulated Agbagbu Bitumen Leachate on Haemotological and Biochemical parameters of Wistar Albino Rat. Research Journal of Environment Toxicology 5 (3): 213-221, 2011.
[8]	Monisha J., Tenzin T., Naresh A., Blessy B. M., Krishnamurthy N. B. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol, 2014; Vol 7 (2): 60-72.
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[11]	Ojeyemi, M. O., Adediran, G. O., Adekola, F. A., Adelowo, O. O., Olajire, A. A. (2014). Biodegrdation of hydrocarbon compounds in Agbabu natural bitumen. Africa Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 13 (11), 1257-1264.
[12]	Alagbe, O. A., Olutona, G. O., Olafisoye, E. R. and Olayiwola, K. O. (2019). Impact of a waste disposal site on groundwater quality (A case study of Oke-Odo refuse dumpsite, Iwo Osun state southwestern Nigeria). International Joournal of Advanced Research, 7 (3), 32-43.
[13]	Rahaman, M. A., (1984). Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. In Precambrian Geology of Nigeria.
[14]	Akinmosin, A. (2012). Characterization of a bitumen seepage in Eastern Dahomey Basin SW, Nigeria. Advanves in Applied Science Research, 3 (4), 2078-2089.
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[17]	Omosuyi G. O., Ojo J. S., and Olorunfemi M. O. (2008). Geoelectric Sounding to Delineate Shallow Aquifers in the Coastal Plain Sands of Okitipupa Area, Southwestern Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. Volume 9. Number 2. November 2008 (Fall).

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Iwueze Emeto Stephen. (2021). Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Sciences, 10(6), 332-345. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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ACS Style

Iwueze Emeto Stephen. Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2021, 10(6), 332-345. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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AMA Style

Iwueze Emeto Stephen. Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2021;10(6):332-345. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19,
  author = {Iwueze Emeto Stephen},
  title = {Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {332-345},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20211006.19},
  abstract = {Mapping of bitumen saturated zones in Agbabu, southwestern Nigeria was carried out using electrical resistivity techniques involving 2D resistivity imaging and vertical electrical sounding (VES). The main objective of the research work was to delineate the bitumen saturated zone and their geologic implication(s) especially on the groundwater development over the study area. For the 2D resistivity imaging, a total of four traverses were established in the NE-SW direction with each traverses covering a total distance of between 150m to 160m. Twenty vertical electrical soundings were also carried out with the results showing KQ and HA curve types being predominant. The results of 2D resistivity imaging showed that the underlaying bitumen impregnated layers was overlain by a protective clay layer which has some discontinuities (weak zones) with traverses 1and 4 showing the most vulnerable zones in terms of groundwater pollution while traverses 2 and 3 appears to be less vulnerable. The VES results showed that the bitumen impregnated layers was within the third and fourth layers with resistivities ranged between 86Ωm to 255Ωm and occurring at depths ranged between 1.5m to 6m. The geologic discontinuities across the study area coupled with the shallow depth of occurrence of bitumen might be a drawback to any meaningful groundwater development within the study area.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria
AU  - Iwueze Emeto Stephen
Y1  - 2021/12/31
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 332
EP  - 345
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
AB  - Mapping of bitumen saturated zones in Agbabu, southwestern Nigeria was carried out using electrical resistivity techniques involving 2D resistivity imaging and vertical electrical sounding (VES). The main objective of the research work was to delineate the bitumen saturated zone and their geologic implication(s) especially on the groundwater development over the study area. For the 2D resistivity imaging, a total of four traverses were established in the NE-SW direction with each traverses covering a total distance of between 150m to 160m. Twenty vertical electrical soundings were also carried out with the results showing KQ and HA curve types being predominant. The results of 2D resistivity imaging showed that the underlaying bitumen impregnated layers was overlain by a protective clay layer which has some discontinuities (weak zones) with traverses 1and 4 showing the most vulnerable zones in terms of groundwater pollution while traverses 2 and 3 appears to be less vulnerable. The VES results showed that the bitumen impregnated layers was within the third and fourth layers with resistivities ranged between 86Ωm to 255Ωm and occurring at depths ranged between 1.5m to 6m. The geologic discontinuities across the study area coupled with the shallow depth of occurrence of bitumen might be a drawback to any meaningful groundwater development within the study area.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Iwueze Emeto Stephen

Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

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APA Style

Iwueze Emeto Stephen. (2021). Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Sciences, 10(6), 332-345. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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ACS Style

Iwueze Emeto Stephen. Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2021, 10(6), 332-345. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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AMA Style

Iwueze Emeto Stephen. Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2021;10(6):332-345. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19,
  author = {Iwueze Emeto Stephen},
  title = {Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {332-345},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20211006.19},
  abstract = {Mapping of bitumen saturated zones in Agbabu, southwestern Nigeria was carried out using electrical resistivity techniques involving 2D resistivity imaging and vertical electrical sounding (VES). The main objective of the research work was to delineate the bitumen saturated zone and their geologic implication(s) especially on the groundwater development over the study area. For the 2D resistivity imaging, a total of four traverses were established in the NE-SW direction with each traverses covering a total distance of between 150m to 160m. Twenty vertical electrical soundings were also carried out with the results showing KQ and HA curve types being predominant. The results of 2D resistivity imaging showed that the underlaying bitumen impregnated layers was overlain by a protective clay layer which has some discontinuities (weak zones) with traverses 1and 4 showing the most vulnerable zones in terms of groundwater pollution while traverses 2 and 3 appears to be less vulnerable. The VES results showed that the bitumen impregnated layers was within the third and fourth layers with resistivities ranged between 86Ωm to 255Ωm and occurring at depths ranged between 1.5m to 6m. The geologic discontinuities across the study area coupled with the shallow depth of occurrence of bitumen might be a drawback to any meaningful groundwater development within the study area.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of Electrical Resistivity Techniques for Mapping Bitumen Saturated Zones and Its Geologic Implication over Agbagbu, Southwestern Nigeria
AU  - Iwueze Emeto Stephen
Y1  - 2021/12/31
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 332
EP  - 345
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.19
AB  - Mapping of bitumen saturated zones in Agbabu, southwestern Nigeria was carried out using electrical resistivity techniques involving 2D resistivity imaging and vertical electrical sounding (VES). The main objective of the research work was to delineate the bitumen saturated zone and their geologic implication(s) especially on the groundwater development over the study area. For the 2D resistivity imaging, a total of four traverses were established in the NE-SW direction with each traverses covering a total distance of between 150m to 160m. Twenty vertical electrical soundings were also carried out with the results showing KQ and HA curve types being predominant. The results of 2D resistivity imaging showed that the underlaying bitumen impregnated layers was overlain by a protective clay layer which has some discontinuities (weak zones) with traverses 1and 4 showing the most vulnerable zones in terms of groundwater pollution while traverses 2 and 3 appears to be less vulnerable. The VES results showed that the bitumen impregnated layers was within the third and fourth layers with resistivities ranged between 86Ωm to 255Ωm and occurring at depths ranged between 1.5m to 6m. The geologic discontinuities across the study area coupled with the shallow depth of occurrence of bitumen might be a drawback to any meaningful groundwater development within the study area.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

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