Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland

Izabela Pawlak

doi:doi:10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland

Izabela Pawlak

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 6)

Received: 27 September 2021 Accepted: 26 October 2021 Published: 10 November 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This study examines O₃, NO_x, NO₂ and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O₃ and NO_x species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O₃ indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O₃ concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O₃ concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O₃ concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O₃ concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NO_x). The analysis of O_x concentrations indicates that limited processes of O₃ titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.

Published in	Earth Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
Page(s)	265-274
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ozone Formation, Ozone Weekend Effect, VOC/NO_x Ratio, Nitrogen Oxides

References

[1]	Moeller, D. Chemistry of the Climate System. Walter de Gruyter 2010, 722 pp.
[2]	Sadanaga, Y.; Sengen, M.; Takenaka, N.; Bandow, H. Analyses of the Ozone Weekend Effect in Tokyo, Japan: Regime of Oxidant (O₃ + NO₂) Production. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2012, 12, 161-168.
[3]	Chou, C. C.-K.; Liu, S. C.; Lin, C.-Y.; Shiu, C.-J.; Chang, K.-H. The trend of surface ozone in Taipei, Taiwan, and its causes: Implications for ozone control strategies. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40, 3898-3908.
[4]	Heuss, J. M.; Kahlbaum, D. F.; Wolff, G. T. Weekday/Weekend Ozone Differences: What Can We Learn from Them? Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2003, 53, 772-788.
[5]	Cleveland, W. S.; Graedel, T. E.; Kleiner, B.; Warner, J. L. Sunday and workday variations in photochemical air pollutants in New Jersey and New York. Science 1974, 186, 1037-1038.
[6]	Wang, Y.; Shen, L.; Wu, S.; Mickley, L.; He, J.; Hao, J. Sensitivity of surface ozone over China to 2000-2050 global changes of climate and emission. Atmospheric Environment 2013, 75, 374-382.
[7]	Pont, V.; Fontan, J. Comparison between weekend and weekday ozone concentration in large cities in France. Atmospheric Environments 2001, 35, 1527-1535.
[8]	Seguel, R. J.; Morales, R. G. E.; Leiva G., M. A. Ozone weekend effect in Santiago, Chile. Environmental Pollution 2012, 162, 72-79.
[9]	Fujita, E. M.; Stockwell, W. R.; Campbell, D. E.; Keislar, R. E.; Lawson, D. R. Evolution of the magnitude and spatial extent of the weekend ozone effect in California’s South Coast Air Basin, 1981-2000. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2003, 53, 802-815.
[10]	Atkinson-Palombo, C. M.; Miller, J. A.; Balling Jr., R. C. Quantifying the ozone “weekend effect” at various locations in Phoenix, Arizona. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40, 7644-7658.
[11]	Debaje, S. B.; Kakade, A. D. Measurements of Surface Ozone in Rural Site of India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2006, 6, 4, 444-465.
[12]	Yarwood, G.; Steckenius, T. E.; Heiken, J. G.; Dunker, A. M. Modeling weekday/weekend ozone differences in the Los Angeles region for 1997. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2003, 53, 864-875.
[13]	Wolff, G. T.; Kahlbaum, D. F.; Heuss, J. M. The vanishing ozone weekday/weekend effect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2013, 63: 3, 292-299.
[14]	Rozbicka, K.; Rozbicki, T. “The Weekend Effect” on Ozone in the Warsaw Conurbation, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 2016, 25, 4, 1-15.
[15]	Pawlak, I.; Jarosławski, J. Ozone content variability in the ground-level atmosphere layer in the Mazowiecke Voivodeship, Central Poland. Publications of the Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences: Geophysical Data Bases, Processing and Instrumentation 2020, 3, 1-100.
[16]	Logan, J. A. Tropospheric Ozone: Seasonal Behavior, Trends and Antropogenic Influence. Journal of Geophysical Research 1985, 90, 10463-10482.
[17]	Monks, P. S. A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34, 3545-3561.
[18]	Wang, Y. H.; Jacob, D. J.; Logan, J. A. Global simulation of tropospheric O₃-NO_x hydrocarbon chemistry 3. Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103, 10757-10767.
[19]	Song, F.; Shin, J. Y.; Jusino-Atresino, R.; Gao, Y. Relationship among the spring time ground-level NOx, O₃ and NO₃ in the vicinity of highways in the US East Coast. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2011, 2 (3), 374-383.
[20]	David, L. M.; Nair, P. R. Diurnal and seasonal variability of surface ozone and NO_x at a tropical coastal site: Association with mesoscale and synoptic meteorological conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 116, D10303.
[21]	Han, S.; Bian, H.; Feng, Y.; Liu, A.; Li, X.; Zeng, F.; Zhang, X. Analysis of the Relationship between O₃, NO and NO₂ in Tianjin, China. Aerosol Air Quality Research 2011, 11, 128-139.
[22]	Seefeld, S.; Stockwell, W. R. First-order sensitivity analysis of models with time-dependent parameters: an application to PAN and ozone. Atmospheric Environment 1999, 33, 2941-2953.
[23]	Crutzen, P. J.; Lawrence, M. G.; Poschl, U. On the Background Photochemistry of Tropospheric Ozone. Tellus 1999, 51, 123-146.
[24]	Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to climate Change. 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2006.
[25]	Altshuler, S. L.; Arcado, T. D.; Lawson, D. R. Weekday vs. Weekend Ambient Ozone Concentrations: Discussion and Hypotheses with Focus on Northern California. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1995, 45, 967-972.
[26]	CARB, California Air Resources Board, The ozone weekend effect in California. Staff Report. The Planning and Technical Support Division, Sacramento, 2003.
[27]	Sadanaga, Y.; Shibata, S.; Hamana, M.; Takenaka, N.; Bandow, H. Weekday/Weekend Difference of Ozone and its Precursors in Urban Areas of Japan, Focusing on Nitrogen Oxides and Hydrocarbons. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42, 4708-4723.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Izabela Pawlak. (2021). Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland. Earth Sciences, 10(6), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Izabela Pawlak. Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland. Earth Sci. 2021, 10(6), 265-274. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Izabela Pawlak. Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland. Earth Sci. 2021;10(6):265-274. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12,
  author = {Izabela Pawlak},
  title = {Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {265-274},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20211006.12},
  abstract = {This study examines O3, NOx, NO2 and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O3 and NOx species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O3 indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O3 concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O3 concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O3 concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O3 concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NOx). The analysis of Ox concentrations indicates that limited processes of O3 titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland
AU  - Izabela Pawlak
Y1  - 2021/11/10
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 265
EP  - 274
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
AB  - This study examines O3, NOx, NO2 and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O3 and NOx species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O3 indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O3 concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O3 concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O3 concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O3 concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NOx). The analysis of Ox concentrations indicates that limited processes of O3 titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Izabela Pawlak

Department of Physics of the Atmosphere, Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Izabela Pawlak. (2021). Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland. Earth Sciences, 10(6), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Izabela Pawlak. Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland. Earth Sci. 2021, 10(6), 265-274. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Izabela Pawlak. Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland. Earth Sci. 2021;10(6):265-274. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12,
  author = {Izabela Pawlak},
  title = {Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {265-274},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20211006.12},
  abstract = {This study examines O3, NOx, NO2 and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O3 and NOx species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O3 indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O3 concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O3 concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O3 concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O3 concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NOx). The analysis of Ox concentrations indicates that limited processes of O3 titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland
AU  - Izabela Pawlak
Y1  - 2021/11/10
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 265
EP  - 274
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211006.12
AB  - This study examines O3, NOx, NO2 and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O3 and NOx species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O3 indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O3 concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O3 concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O3 concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O3 concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NOx). The analysis of Ox concentrations indicates that limited processes of O3 titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download