Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare; Gimba Casmir Emmanuel; Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri; Abba Hamza

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

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Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare, Gimba Casmir Emmanuel, Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri, Abba Hamza

Published in Composite Materials (Volume 2, Issue 2)

Received: 4 December 2018 Accepted: 26 December 2018 Published: 22 January 2019

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Abstract

Cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were used as hybrid fillers to reinforce Natural rubber compound. The fillers; cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were loaded at 0, 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25 and 0:30 respectively. The cashew nut shell was carbonized and characterized for particle size, pH and moisture content, the results were 316.7d.nm, 8.13 and 0.58% respectively. The mechanical analysis viz; tensile strength, hardness, compression set and abrasion resistance were also carried out, the obtained results showed that hybridized compound with CNSP25/CB5 gave the best tensile strength of 5 Mpa as against the unfilled compound with 0.3 Mpa, this was also the same trend with the abrasion resistance with compound hybridized with CNSP25/CB 5 with the best abrasion resistance of 0.54% and was also the same compound with the best hardness result with hardness value of 47 IRHD, similar result was also obtained for compression set with the same composition with the best compression result of 6.3% compression set.

Published in	Composite Materials (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
Page(s)	49-54
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hybridisation, Cashew Nut Shell Powder, Carbon Black, Particle Size and Nano

References

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[2]	Beilen Jan Van, Yves Poirier. and Bill Orts (2006). ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF NATURAL RUBBER (EPOBIO PRO). CNAP: CPLPRESS. Retrieved from www.cplbookshop.com.
[3]	Chukwu, M. N., Madufor, I. C., Ayo, M. D., & Ekebafe, L. O. (2011). Effect of Stearic Acid Level on the Physical Properties of Natural Rubber. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 12(1), 344–350.
[4]	Egwakhide, A. P., Okeimen, F. E., Lawal, U. (2013). Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330). Science Journal of Chemistry, 1(5), 50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11.
[5]	Li, Z., Zhang, J., & Chen, S. (2009). Effect of carbon blacks with various structures on electrical properties of filled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber. Journal of Electrostatics, 67(1), 73–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2008.11.002.
[6]	Mamza, P. A. P., Okele, A. I. and Nkeonye, P. . (2016). Composite Materials : An International Journal, 1(1), 34–39.
[7]	O Aguele, F., & I. Madufor, C. (2012). Effects of Carbonised Coir on Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. American Journal of Polymer Science, 2(3), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20120203.02.
[8]	Oboh, J. O., Okafor, J. O., Kovo, A. S., Abdulrahman, A. S., & Okele, A. I. (2018). Journal of Polymer & Composites Isolation of Cellulosic Nanoparticles from Coir Fibre for the Preparation of Natural Rubber Composites. Journal of Polymer & Composites, 6(1), 9–16. Retrieved from www.stmjournals.com.
[9]	Ofem, M. I., Umar, M., & Ovat, F. A. (2012). Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk Fiiled Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Resin Composites. Journal of Materials Science Research, 1(4), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v1n4p89.
[10]	Okele, A. I, Embu, Y. E, Marut, A. J, Leo, Y. Zango and Musa, E. . (2016). Studies on the Morphology of Natural Rubber Compound Filled Cashew Nut Shell Powder ( CNSP ). International Journal of Environmental Sciences., 5(3), 149–153.

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Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare, Gimba Casmir Emmanuel, Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri, Abba Hamza. (2019). Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Composite Materials, 2(2), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

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ACS Style

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare; Gimba Casmir Emmanuel; Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri; Abba Hamza. Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Compos. Mater. 2019, 2(2), 49-54. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

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AMA Style

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare, Gimba Casmir Emmanuel, Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri, Abba Hamza. Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Compos Mater. 2019;2(2):49-54. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

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@article{10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12,
  author = {Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare and Gimba Casmir Emmanuel and Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri and Abba Hamza},
  title = {Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites},
  journal = {Composite Materials},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {49-54},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20180202.12},
  abstract = {Cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were used as hybrid fillers to reinforce Natural rubber compound. The fillers; cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were loaded at 0, 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25 and 0:30 respectively. The cashew nut shell was carbonized and characterized for particle size, pH and moisture content, the results were 316.7d.nm, 8.13 and 0.58% respectively. The mechanical analysis viz; tensile strength, hardness, compression set and abrasion resistance were also carried out, the obtained results showed that hybridized compound with CNSP25/CB5 gave the best tensile strength of 5 Mpa as against the unfilled compound with 0.3 Mpa, this was also the same trend with the abrasion resistance with compound hybridized with CNSP25/CB 5 with the best abrasion resistance of 0.54% and was also the same compound with the best hardness result with hardness value of 47 IRHD, similar result was also obtained for compression set with the same composition with the best compression result of 6.3% compression set.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites
AU  - Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare
AU  - Gimba Casmir Emmanuel
AU  - Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri
AU  - Abba Hamza
Y1  - 2019/01/22
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
T2  - Composite Materials
JF  - Composite Materials
JO  - Composite Materials
SP  - 49
EP  - 54
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7103
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
AB  - Cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were used as hybrid fillers to reinforce Natural rubber compound. The fillers; cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were loaded at 0, 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25 and 0:30 respectively. The cashew nut shell was carbonized and characterized for particle size, pH and moisture content, the results were 316.7d.nm, 8.13 and 0.58% respectively. The mechanical analysis viz; tensile strength, hardness, compression set and abrasion resistance were also carried out, the obtained results showed that hybridized compound with CNSP25/CB5 gave the best tensile strength of 5 Mpa as against the unfilled compound with 0.3 Mpa, this was also the same trend with the abrasion resistance with compound hybridized with CNSP25/CB 5 with the best abrasion resistance of 0.54% and was also the same compound with the best hardness result with hardness value of 47 IRHD, similar result was also obtained for compression set with the same composition with the best compression result of 6.3% compression set.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare

Department of Polymer Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria
Gimba Casmir Emmanuel

Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri

Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Abba Hamza

Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

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APA Style

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare, Gimba Casmir Emmanuel, Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri, Abba Hamza. (2019). Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Composite Materials, 2(2), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

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ACS Style

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare; Gimba Casmir Emmanuel; Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri; Abba Hamza. Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Compos. Mater. 2019, 2(2), 49-54. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

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AMA Style

Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare, Gimba Casmir Emmanuel, Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri, Abba Hamza. Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Compos Mater. 2019;2(2):49-54. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12,
  author = {Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare and Gimba Casmir Emmanuel and Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri and Abba Hamza},
  title = {Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites},
  journal = {Composite Materials},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {49-54},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20180202.12},
  abstract = {Cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were used as hybrid fillers to reinforce Natural rubber compound. The fillers; cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were loaded at 0, 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25 and 0:30 respectively. The cashew nut shell was carbonized and characterized for particle size, pH and moisture content, the results were 316.7d.nm, 8.13 and 0.58% respectively. The mechanical analysis viz; tensile strength, hardness, compression set and abrasion resistance were also carried out, the obtained results showed that hybridized compound with CNSP25/CB5 gave the best tensile strength of 5 Mpa as against the unfilled compound with 0.3 Mpa, this was also the same trend with the abrasion resistance with compound hybridized with CNSP25/CB 5 with the best abrasion resistance of 0.54% and was also the same compound with the best hardness result with hardness value of 47 IRHD, similar result was also obtained for compression set with the same composition with the best compression result of 6.3% compression set.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hybridisation of Carbon Black: Cashew Nut Shell Powder as Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites
AU  - Okele Abdul-wahab Ilavbare
AU  - Gimba Casmir Emmanuel
AU  - Mamza Paul Andrew Ptileri
AU  - Abba Hamza
Y1  - 2019/01/22
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
T2  - Composite Materials
JF  - Composite Materials
JO  - Composite Materials
SP  - 49
EP  - 54
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7103
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.12
AB  - Cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were used as hybrid fillers to reinforce Natural rubber compound. The fillers; cashew nut shell powder and carbon black were loaded at 0, 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25 and 0:30 respectively. The cashew nut shell was carbonized and characterized for particle size, pH and moisture content, the results were 316.7d.nm, 8.13 and 0.58% respectively. The mechanical analysis viz; tensile strength, hardness, compression set and abrasion resistance were also carried out, the obtained results showed that hybridized compound with CNSP25/CB5 gave the best tensile strength of 5 Mpa as against the unfilled compound with 0.3 Mpa, this was also the same trend with the abrasion resistance with compound hybridized with CNSP25/CB 5 with the best abrasion resistance of 0.54% and was also the same compound with the best hardness result with hardness value of 47 IRHD, similar result was also obtained for compression set with the same composition with the best compression result of 6.3% compression set.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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