Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (<i>Coffea Arabica L.</i>) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia

Meseret Degefa; Habtamu Gebreselassie; Dejene Bekele; Kidist Shewangezaw; Ketema Manaye; Rahile Mengestu; Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik; Leta Ajema; Desalegn Alemayhu; Lemi Beksisa; Tadesse Benti; Ashenafi Ayano

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

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Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia

Meseret Degefa^*

, Habtamu Gebreselassie, Dejene Bekele, Kidist Shewangezaw, Ketema Manaye, Rahile Mengestu, Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik, Leta Ajema, Desalegn Alemayhu, Lemi Beksisa, Tadesse Benti, Ashenafi Ayano

Published in American Journal of Plant Biology (Volume 10, Issue 1)

Received: 16 December 2024 Accepted: 3 January 2025 Published: 14 April 2025

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Abstract

Ethiopia is the center of origin and has a varied genetic foundation for Arabica coffee, but there is still a lack of yield-competitive enhanced varieties, which is why the average productivity in the country is significantly lower than the global average. The average national productivity is quite low as a result. Ethiopia's pure line variety development program has shown that it is rarely possible to increase yield over 1800–2000 kg/ha through direct selection. This suggests that heterotic hybrids are needed to maximize yield up to 2500–3000 kg/ha. Therefore, in order to find high yielding hybrids, it may be helpful to further assess the performance of the best performing hybrids for yield and growth traits at full bearing stage. Therefore, creating hybrid coffee kinds that are stable, disease-resistant, and high yielding is crucial to closing this gap and increasing coffee productivity. Thus, assessing coffee hybrid genotypes for yield and yield components was the goal of this study. To illustrate the growth and yield characteristics of four promising hybrid genotypes of Arabica coffee, the experiment was carried out at Awada and Leku. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to carry out the experiment between 2016 and 2021. Data were gathered on plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, length of the longest primary branch, number of main stem nodes, stem girth, internode length on the main stem, canopy diameter, and yield per hectare. The findings showed that there were statistically significant differences between the growth features. The number of primary branches (52.08 – 58.83), number of secondary branches (148.23 – 179.25), number of major stem nodes (27.96 – 30.66), stem diameter (2.82 – 3.45cm), canopy diameter (199 – 221.77cm), and average length of primary branches (107.00 –116.84cm) are all reported. According to the study's findings, the hybrid 75227x1681 (3491 kg/ha) produced the highest overall yield per hectare, followed by 75227xAngafa (3023kg/ha) cultivated at Awada and 75227X1681 (1437kg/ha) in Leku. There will be a greater probability of obtaining enhanced Arabica coffee hybrid varieties in the south Ethiopian growing environment because the potential hybrid genotypes outperformed the current improved varieties at Awada and Leku. In order to suggest a stable and appropriate hybrid variety for coffee growers in the South, the experiment should be conducted again at various representative trial sites.

Published in	American Journal of Plant Biology (Volume 10, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
Page(s)	10-17
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coffee, Hybrids, Growing Characteristics, Clean Coffee

1. Introduction

The most traded tropical agricultural product in the world is Arabica coffee

[21]

, with oil coming in second

[30, 36]

. Up to 25 million farming households worldwide produce 80 percent of the world's coffee, making it the most traded tropical product

[11, 12]

. In addition to making a significant contribution to foreign exchange as a primary cash crop in many producing nations, it provides millions of people with a living

[32]

. For millions of people in coffee-growing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, it is a significant source of income

[26]

Ethiopia is renowned among African nations for producing Arabica coffee (C arabica), which is prized for its exceptional quality, distinct flavor, and aroma

[25]

The mountains in the southwest of Ethiopia are where Coffea arabica originated and where its genetic variety was concentrated

[5, 9, 14, 17, 31]

. Ethiopia's most significant gift to the world is coffee, which has had and continues to have a profound economic, social, and spiritual influence on a wide range of individuals from various geographic areas, cultural backgrounds, and personality types. Almost daily, sometimes twice a day, or more, it is one of the most valued international beverages.

Ethiopia's primary source of foreign exchange profits is coffee, which generates US$1.4 billion annually and accounts for almost 35% of all major export commodity earnings

[12, 35]

. Coffee also makes up a significant portion of the country's foreign currency income

[8]

. Ethiopia has a favorable climate for coffee production, with the right amount of rainfall, soil type, altitude, temperature, and pH. According to

[7]

, the nation is the origin of Coffea Arabica and has a genetic background for Arabica coffee that is quite heterogeneous. Ethiopia has the ability to sell a significant number of specialty coffees and generates a variety of unique Arabica coffees

[27]

. Ninety five percent of Ethiopia's coffee is grown by smallholder farmers

[4, 22]

The dearth of high-yielding, disease-resistant hybrid cultivars that are best suited to the region's current environmental conditions has significantly limited coffee production in Ethiopia overall and in the southern region in particular. In Coffea Arabica, heterosis has been reported in a number of studies

[7, 29, 37]

, with hybrid F1 cultivars accounting for an average of up to 30%. A hybridization project was started in 1996 GC with the goal of creating high-yielding coffee hybrids that are resistant to coffee berry disease (CBD) and have the typical quality of Sidama and Gedeo coffee.

A maximum over best parent heterosis of 44.6% for yield was found for the 15 hybrids under study based on a number of observations conducted since 1998. Eight of these fifteen hybrids demonstrated an average production of more than 15 kg/ha of clean coffee, significantly above the performance of the experiment's routine checks

[38]

. Lastly, four of these eight hybrids (744xAngafa, 7440xAngafa, 75227xAngafa, and 75227X1681) are being encouraged for additional research to validate their performance over time at Sidama Region under Awada & Leku growing conditions.

A variety must be suited to a region because a variety or hybrid may adapt and satisfy the commercial interest in one coffee-growing region but may not be appropriate for use in another due to environmental factors like soil, temperature, humidity, and rainfall

[20, 33]

. In Ethiopia, the selection and breeding process is tailored for each locality using local landraces and crosses from the specific place in order to reduce adaptation issues and prevent the blending impacts of coffee from known quality growing areas with coffee from another area or locations.

Similar to this, southern Ethiopia is one of the best places to cultivate high-quality coffee. Research is being done at the Awada Agricultural Research Sub Center and its trial sites to create coffee types that are suitable for the region's growing conditions. Thus, the purpose of this experiment was to ascertain the hybrid coffee variety's growth traits and yield performance.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. An Explanation of the Research Area

During the 2016–2021 cropping seasons, the experiment was carried out on a trial plot of the Leku trial site substation and the Awada agricultural research sub-center (AARSC). The mid-highland agroecology of Awada is tepid to cool semi-arid. Situated in the Sidama Region, approximately 43 kilometers south of Hawassa and 315 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, at 603' N latitude and 380 E longitude, and at an elevation of roughly 1750 m.a.s.l., it is close to Yirgalem town. With two wet and dry seasons and an average annual precipitation of 1342 mm, the region exhibits a semi-bimodal rainfall distribution

[1]

. The average yearly air temperature is between 11°C and 28.40°C. The sub-center's primary soil types are chromotic-cambisols and eutric-nitosols, both of which are excellent for growing coffee

[25]

. The Leku trial site is located at an altitude of 1805 m.a.s.l. of. According to the country's coffee-growing agroecology, the experimental site (Awada) is classed as mid-altitude, while the remaining experimental site (Leku) is defined as high land

[1]

2.2. Design and Treatment of Experiments

Three common check cultivars and four promising hybrids of Arabica coffee, whose progenitors were from south and southwest Ethiopia, were employed as a treatment (Table 1). Using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, normal and healthy seedlings were planted in experimental plots in 2016. Each plot included 20 trees spaced 2 m by 2 m apart. All standard management procedures were rigorously and consistently implemented for every plot

[10]

Table 1. Description of experimental coffee genotypes.

No	Arabica Coffee Hybrid genotypes	Designation	Germplasm composition	Cross category
1	744xAngafa	Arabica Coffee Hybrid	SWEXSE	CBD_R xHY+Q
2	7440xAngafa	Arabica Coffee Hybrid	SWEXSE	CBD_R xHY+Q
3	75227xAngafa	Arabica Coffee Hybrid	SWEXSE	CBD_R xHY+Q
4	75227x1681	Arabica Coffee Hybrid	SWEXSE	CBD_R xHY+Q
5	Feyata	Released Arabica coffee pure line check variety	SE	CBD_RxHY
6	Ababuna	Released Arabica Coffee Hybrid check Variety	SWEXSWE	HY+Q
7	Angafa	Released Arabica coffee pure line check variety	SE	HY+Q

Whereas: SWE=South west Ethiopian coffee type, SE=South Ethiopian coffee type, CBD_R=Coffee berry disease resistance, HY=High yielder, Q=Quality.

2.3. Data Collection

Using the standard IPGRI procedures, data for eight growth characteristics were recorded from each treatment during the study period: plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, length of the longest primary branch, number of main stem nodes, stem girth, internode length on the main stem, canopy diameter, and average yield over three years.

Each character's data was gathered using the following methodology: A pocket meter was used to measure the height of the plants in cm from the base to the tip.

Using a Vernier caliper, the stem girth was measured in centimeters at ground level, or five centimeters above the ground. A pocket meter was used to measure the canopy's diameter in centimeters from east to west and north to south. The average was then calculated.

Total plant height (TPH) - height up to first primary branches (HUFPM) / Number of main stem nodes (NMSN) was used to compute the internode length on the main stem.

Counting the number of principal branches allowed for the recording of this character.

Number of secondary branches: the number of secondary branches was counted in order to record this character. Using a pocket meter, the length of the longest primary branch was measured in meters. The number of nodes on the main stem was counted in order to determine the number of main stem nodes. Yield: The weight of the fresh cherry and the dried cherry (buni) yield per plot were measured in grams. The dried cherry yield was converted to fresh cherry by multiplying it by 2.6 as a correction factor, and then it was converted to kilograms per hectare

[18]

2.4. Analysis of Data

The SAS statistical software package (version 9.3) was used to analyze the data, and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test procedure was used to compare the mean values at the 5% level of significance

[18]

2.5. Estimating Heterosis

Based on the superior parent and heterosis, the hybrid performance for every cross combination was assessed. Using the approach, the percentage of heterosis was determined for the characters exhibiting significant differences for crosses. Heterobeltosis, or best-parent heterosis: It alludes to how much better the F1 hybrid performs than its finest parent.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Clean Coffee Yield

According to the overall mean analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was a significant difference between the genotypes' yield potential (Table 2). Crosses 75227*1681 had the highest three-year mean output (2464 kg/ha), whereas crosses 744* Angafa produced the lowest three-year mean yield (1897 kg/ha). Ababuna produced the lowest yield of 1271 kg/ha among the standard tests, whereas Angafa recorded the best three-year mean yield of 1630 kg/ha (Table 2).

According to the individual location analysis, crosses 75227*1681 produced the highest three-year mean yield (3491 kg/ha), while crosses 744* Angafa at Awada produced the lowest three-year mean yield (2602 kg/ha). Ababuna produced the lowest yield of 1573 kg/ha at Awada, whereas Angafa recorded the highest three-year mean yield of 2095 kg/ha among the standard tests. The Leku site's mean yield data result showed that crosses 75227X1681 had the highest three-year mean yield (1437 kg/ha), while crosses 744X Angafa had the lowest three-year mean yield (1192 kg/ha). Ababuna produced the lowest yield of 800 kg/ha at Leku, while Angafa had the best three-year mean yield of 1166 kg/ha among the standard checks (Table 2). In the future coffee development program, the occurrence of adequate variety among the analyzed materials presents a huge chance to bring about significant improvement through cross-breeding and selection. Earlier authors reported significant genetic variability in arabica coffee for growth, disease resistance, and yield

[16, 18, 23, 24, 34]

, which was consistent with the significant yield difference found in this study.

3.2. Growth Characters

With the exception of the number of main stem nodes, the number of secondary branches, and the average length of primary branches, all quantitative features analyzed under Awada and Leku growth conditions shown significant (P<0.05) variance among coffee hybrids (Tables 3 and 4).

The plant's overall height (1.99–2.45 m), stem diameter (2.72–3.45 cm), canopy diameter (199.10 –221.77 cm), number of main stem nodes (27.96–49.79), inter node length on the main stem (7.13– 9.04 cm), number of primary branches (52.08–59.21), number of secondary branches (148.25–179.25), and average length of primary branches (107.00–116.84 cm) are some of the morphological and growth characteristics analyzed at Awada (Table 3).

The plant's overall height (2.71–3.07 cm), stem diameter (5.20–5.42 cm), canopy diameter (191.33–219.00 cm), number of main stem nodes (30.60–34.33), inter node length on the main stem (6.06–8.66 cm), number of primary branches (55.13–66.93), number of secondary branches (99.00–108.46), and average length of primary branches (107.33–115.33 cm) are all displayed in Table 4's morphological and growth characteristics for Leku. There is a great opportunity to greatly progress the future coffee variety creation program through cross-breeding because there is adequate variance among the materials under examination. In line with the findings of previous authors, this study found a significant difference for the quantitative features that were measured

[2, 3, 19, 28, 24, 15, 34]

Table 2. Mean yield of clean coffee (Kg/ha) of hybrids and their checks at Awada and Leku Location.

Candidate hybrids and checks		Awada					Leku				Over all mean
Candidate hybrids and checks	2019	2020	2021	Mean	Survival rate (%)	2019	2020	2021	Mean	Survival rate (%)	Over all mean
75227 x Angafa	2109	4442	2520	3023	90	828	1854	1258	1313	100	2168
744 x Angafa	2152	3713	1942	2602	96	867	1573	1134	1192	100	1897
75227 x 1681	3189	4976	2309	3491	100	660	2679	971	1437	100	2464
7440 x Angafa	2639	3942	2272	2951	100	729	1987	1289	1335	100	2143
Checks
Ababuna	696	2953	1070	1573	100	999	1106	800	968	100	1271
Feyate	707	4032	1086	1941	100	693	2257	974	1308	100	1625
Angafa	1305	3447	1534	2095	100	682	1530	1285	1166	100	1630
LSD	2.97	8.11	10.03	4.44		8.27	8.21	5.33	4.32	100	2.56
CV	9.12	11.61	30.99	9.88		59.64	24.88	27.21	19.49	100	7.64
Sig.	***	**	*	***		Ns	*	Ns	Ns		***

Table 3. Mean growth characteristics of hybrids and their checks at Awada location.

Candidate Hybrids and Checks	Height (m)	Canopy diameter (cm)	Stem girth (cm)	No. of nodes on the main stem	Inter node length on the main stem (cm)	No. of primary branches	No. of secondary branches	Length of first primary (cm)
75227 x 1681	2.27ab	221.77a	3.43ab	30.96ab	8.75ab	53.62b	169.25ab	115.833ab
75227 x Angafa	2.24ab	210.02bc	3.21abc	29.04ab	8.52ab	55.08ab	179.25a	116.837a
7440 x Angafa	2.45a	216.02ab	3.45a	29.88ab	9.04a	58.46a	173.92ab	113.753ab
744 x Angafa	2.42a	209.02bc	3.13bcd	30.66ab	8.15ab	58.83a	173.33ab	111.543abc
Feyate	2.24ab	211.87ab	2.72e	29.46ab	8.00ab	55.87ab	178.34a	113.963ab
Angeffa	2.44a	206.23bc	3.07cd	49.79a	7.93ab	59.21a	148.25b	109.75bc
Ababuna	1.99b	199.10c	2.82de	27.96b	7.13b	52.08b	167.46ab	107.00c
Mean	2.294	210.57	3.12	31.68	8.22	56.19	169.97	112.66
CV	7.34	2.92	5.62	26.62	11.83	4.64	8.58	3.18
LSD	0.2998	10.97	0.314	15	1.73	4.64	25.956	6.37

Whereas **, is significant at P < 0.01, ***, is significant at P < 0.001 and ns = not significant at P ≤ 0.05.

Table 4. Mean growth characteristics of hybrids and their checks at Leku location.

Candidate Hybrids and Checks	Plant height (m)	Canopy diameter (cm)	Stem girth (cm)	Number of nodes on the main stem	Inter node length on the main stem (cm)	No. of primary branches	No. of 2⁰branches	Length of longest primary (cm)
75227x1681	2.8967ab	210.83abc	5.34ab	31.93	7.46ab	61.2ab	99.00	108.00
75227 x Angafa	2.7533ab	191.33c	5.2ab	30.60	6.06b	55.13b	108.46	108.00
7440 x Angafa	3.0667a	204.17abc	5.38ab	34.33	7.66ab	66.93a	107.86	107.33
744 x Angafa	2.9633ab	216.33ab	5.36ab	32.80	6.86ab	62.53ab	101.33	111.80
Feyate	2.9433ab	218.33a	5.09ab	31.26	7.40ab	61.73ab	106.46	114.00
Angeffa	2.92ab	219.00a	5.42a	33.66	8.66a	66.40a	101.40	115.33
Ababuna	2.7067b	195.67bc	4.82	31.20	6.20b	59.33ab	102.13	108.66
Mean	2.8928	207.95	5.23	32.25	7.19	61.89	103.80	110.44
CV	6.80	6.06	6.12	7.64	17.89	8.90	7.55	4.08
LSD	35.23	22.42	0.56	NS	2.28	9.82	NS	NS

Whereas **, is significant at P < 0.01, ***, is significant at P < 0.001 and ns = not significant at P ≤ 0.05.

3.3. Estimation of Heterosis

Heterosis was found for the yield character examined when comparing the analysis of heterosis to the superior parent. For yield best parent heterosis, the estimated heterosis as a percentage of yield varied from 16.48 to 43.44% (Table 5). Crosses 75227x1681 had the highest best parent heterosis (43.44%), followed by crosses 75227xAngafa (33.27%), and crosses 744xAngafa had the lowest best parent heterosis (16.48%). For this specific characteristic, the overall heterosis manifestation magnitude was good. The findings of earlier researchers

[6, 13, 38]

who documented a greater magnitude of better-parent heterosis for this trait are consistent with our conclusion. Differences in the parental lines involved and the experiment's setting are most likely the main causes of the discrepancies between the current and earlier findings.

Table 5. Heterosis parameters in yield of hybrid Arabica coffee.

Hybrids and checks	Best parent heterosis
75227xAngafa	33.27
744xAngafa	16.48
75227x1681	43.44
7440xAngafa	31.57
Checks
Ababuna
Feyate
Angafa

4. Summary and Conclusion

Ethiopia's economy depends heavily on coffee. About 15 million Ethiopians, or four million smallholder families, or sixteen percent of the country's total population, depend on coffee production for their livelihood. Coffee is the main source of income for a large number of these growers. Therefore, increasing productivity and production is crucial to helping coffee growers. In order to ascertain the hybrid coffee variety's growth characteristics and yield performance, the current experiment was carried out. Ethiopia's pure line variety development program has shown that it is rarely possible to increase yield over 1800–2000 kg/ha through direct selection. This suggests that heterotic hybrids are needed to maximize yield up to 2500–3000 kg/ha. To find high-yielding hybrids for commercial usage, it may be helpful to further assess the performance of the top-performing hybrids for growth and yield characteristics. To find and suggest hybrid genotypes of Arabica coffee for coffee-growing regions in southern Ethiopia, growth traits and yield performance were considered.

In light of this, the promising Arabica coffee hybrid 75227x1681 (3491 kg/ha) and 75227x Angafa (3023 kg/ha) outperformed the current improved varieties in the Awada growing environment. In the Leku growing environment, the hybrid 75227X1681 (1437 kg/ha) and 7440XAngafa (1335 kg/ha) outperformed the current improved check varieties. As a result, the likelihood of obtaining better Arabica coffee types for the growing conditions in Awada and Leku is higher. Therefore, before developing improved hybrid varieties, more package development studies for the most promising hybrids must be conducted side by side in order to increase production and productivity at Awada and Leku as well as the same growing environment.

Much work has not been done to take advantage of the potential in germplasm diversity to create superior hybrids and pure-line selections for the region, despite the enormous potential that exists within coffee populations in the Sidama and Gedio areas in southern Ethiopia and the encouraging heterosis results reported from the crosses among elite coffee lines selected from this area. The current study made it abundantly evident that hybrid breeding could result in notable advancements. Therefore, in order to create higher-yielding and better-performing hybrids for the region, a continual crossing program is needed to obtain a large number of cross combinations for thorough and in-depth examination.

Abbreviations

AARCS	Awada Agricultural Research Sub-Center
WGARC	Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center
JARC	Jimma Agricultural Research

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the financial assistance provided by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) in carrying out this investigation. We especially like to thank the staff at Awada Agricultural Research Sub-Center (AARCS), Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center (WGARC) and Jimma Agricultural Research (JARC) for their encouragement and support.

Conflicts of Interest

No conflicts of interest are disclosed by the authors.

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Degefa, M., Gebreselassie, H., Bekele, D., Shewangezaw, K., Manaye, K., et al. (2025). Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Plant Biology, 10(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

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Degefa, M.; Gebreselassie, H.; Bekele, D.; Shewangezaw, K.; Manaye, K., et al. Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Am. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 10(1), 10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

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Degefa M, Gebreselassie H, Bekele D, Shewangezaw K, Manaye K, et al. Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Am J Plant Biol. 2025;10(1):10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12,
  author = {Meseret Degefa and Habtamu Gebreselassie and Dejene Bekele and Kidist Shewangezaw and Ketema Manaye and Rahile Mengestu and Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik and Leta Ajema and Desalegn Alemayhu and Lemi Beksisa and Tadesse Benti and Ashenafi Ayano},
  title = {Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia
},
  journal = {American Journal of Plant Biology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpb.20251001.12},
  abstract = {Ethiopia is the center of origin and has a varied genetic foundation for Arabica coffee, but there is still a lack of yield-competitive enhanced varieties, which is why the average productivity in the country is significantly lower than the global average. The average national productivity is quite low as a result. Ethiopia's pure line variety development program has shown that it is rarely possible to increase yield over 1800–2000 kg/ha through direct selection. This suggests that heterotic hybrids are needed to maximize yield up to 2500–3000 kg/ha. Therefore, in order to find high yielding hybrids, it may be helpful to further assess the performance of the best performing hybrids for yield and growth traits at full bearing stage. Therefore, creating hybrid coffee kinds that are stable, disease-resistant, and high yielding is crucial to closing this gap and increasing coffee productivity. Thus, assessing coffee hybrid genotypes for yield and yield components was the goal of this study. To illustrate the growth and yield characteristics of four promising hybrid genotypes of Arabica coffee, the experiment was carried out at Awada and Leku. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to carry out the experiment between 2016 and 2021. Data were gathered on plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, length of the longest primary branch, number of main stem nodes, stem girth, internode length on the main stem, canopy diameter, and yield per hectare. The findings showed that there were statistically significant differences between the growth features. The number of primary branches (52.08 – 58.83), number of secondary branches (148.23 – 179.25), number of major stem nodes (27.96 – 30.66), stem diameter (2.82 – 3.45cm), canopy diameter (199 – 221.77cm), and average length of primary branches (107.00 –116.84cm) are all reported. According to the study's findings, the hybrid 75227x1681 (3491 kg/ha) produced the highest overall yield per hectare, followed by 75227xAngafa (3023kg/ha) cultivated at Awada and 75227X1681 (1437kg/ha) in Leku. There will be a greater probability of obtaining enhanced Arabica coffee hybrid varieties in the south Ethiopian growing environment because the potential hybrid genotypes outperformed the current improved varieties at Awada and Leku. In order to suggest a stable and appropriate hybrid variety for coffee growers in the South, the experiment should be conducted again at various representative trial sites.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia

AU  - Meseret Degefa
AU  - Habtamu Gebreselassie
AU  - Dejene Bekele
AU  - Kidist Shewangezaw
AU  - Ketema Manaye
AU  - Rahile Mengestu
AU  - Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik
AU  - Leta Ajema
AU  - Desalegn Alemayhu
AU  - Lemi Beksisa
AU  - Tadesse Benti
AU  - Ashenafi Ayano
Y1  - 2025/04/14
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
T2  - American Journal of Plant Biology
JF  - American Journal of Plant Biology
JO  - American Journal of Plant Biology
SP  - 10
EP  - 17
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8337
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
AB  - Ethiopia is the center of origin and has a varied genetic foundation for Arabica coffee, but there is still a lack of yield-competitive enhanced varieties, which is why the average productivity in the country is significantly lower than the global average. The average national productivity is quite low as a result. Ethiopia's pure line variety development program has shown that it is rarely possible to increase yield over 1800–2000 kg/ha through direct selection. This suggests that heterotic hybrids are needed to maximize yield up to 2500–3000 kg/ha. Therefore, in order to find high yielding hybrids, it may be helpful to further assess the performance of the best performing hybrids for yield and growth traits at full bearing stage. Therefore, creating hybrid coffee kinds that are stable, disease-resistant, and high yielding is crucial to closing this gap and increasing coffee productivity. Thus, assessing coffee hybrid genotypes for yield and yield components was the goal of this study. To illustrate the growth and yield characteristics of four promising hybrid genotypes of Arabica coffee, the experiment was carried out at Awada and Leku. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to carry out the experiment between 2016 and 2021. Data were gathered on plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, length of the longest primary branch, number of main stem nodes, stem girth, internode length on the main stem, canopy diameter, and yield per hectare. The findings showed that there were statistically significant differences between the growth features. The number of primary branches (52.08 – 58.83), number of secondary branches (148.23 – 179.25), number of major stem nodes (27.96 – 30.66), stem diameter (2.82 – 3.45cm), canopy diameter (199 – 221.77cm), and average length of primary branches (107.00 –116.84cm) are all reported. According to the study's findings, the hybrid 75227x1681 (3491 kg/ha) produced the highest overall yield per hectare, followed by 75227xAngafa (3023kg/ha) cultivated at Awada and 75227X1681 (1437kg/ha) in Leku. There will be a greater probability of obtaining enhanced Arabica coffee hybrid varieties in the south Ethiopian growing environment because the potential hybrid genotypes outperformed the current improved varieties at Awada and Leku. In order to suggest a stable and appropriate hybrid variety for coffee growers in the South, the experiment should be conducted again at various representative trial sites.

VL  - 10
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Meseret Degefa

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-886X
Habtamu Gebreselassie

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Dejene Bekele

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Kidist Shewangezaw

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Ketema Manaye

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Rahile Mengestu

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Leta Ajema

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Desalegn Alemayhu

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Awada Research Sub-Center, Yirgalem, Ethiopia
Lemi Beksisa

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
Tadesse Benti

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
Ashenafi Ayano

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia

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Degefa, M., Gebreselassie, H., Bekele, D., Shewangezaw, K., Manaye, K., et al. (2025). Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Plant Biology, 10(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

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ACS Style

Degefa, M.; Gebreselassie, H.; Bekele, D.; Shewangezaw, K.; Manaye, K., et al. Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Am. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 10(1), 10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

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AMA Style

Degefa M, Gebreselassie H, Bekele D, Shewangezaw K, Manaye K, et al. Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Am J Plant Biol. 2025;10(1):10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12,
  author = {Meseret Degefa and Habtamu Gebreselassie and Dejene Bekele and Kidist Shewangezaw and Ketema Manaye and Rahile Mengestu and Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik and Leta Ajema and Desalegn Alemayhu and Lemi Beksisa and Tadesse Benti and Ashenafi Ayano},
  title = {Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia
},
  journal = {American Journal of Plant Biology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpb.20251001.12},
  abstract = {Ethiopia is the center of origin and has a varied genetic foundation for Arabica coffee, but there is still a lack of yield-competitive enhanced varieties, which is why the average productivity in the country is significantly lower than the global average. The average national productivity is quite low as a result. Ethiopia's pure line variety development program has shown that it is rarely possible to increase yield over 1800–2000 kg/ha through direct selection. This suggests that heterotic hybrids are needed to maximize yield up to 2500–3000 kg/ha. Therefore, in order to find high yielding hybrids, it may be helpful to further assess the performance of the best performing hybrids for yield and growth traits at full bearing stage. Therefore, creating hybrid coffee kinds that are stable, disease-resistant, and high yielding is crucial to closing this gap and increasing coffee productivity. Thus, assessing coffee hybrid genotypes for yield and yield components was the goal of this study. To illustrate the growth and yield characteristics of four promising hybrid genotypes of Arabica coffee, the experiment was carried out at Awada and Leku. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to carry out the experiment between 2016 and 2021. Data were gathered on plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, length of the longest primary branch, number of main stem nodes, stem girth, internode length on the main stem, canopy diameter, and yield per hectare. The findings showed that there were statistically significant differences between the growth features. The number of primary branches (52.08 – 58.83), number of secondary branches (148.23 – 179.25), number of major stem nodes (27.96 – 30.66), stem diameter (2.82 – 3.45cm), canopy diameter (199 – 221.77cm), and average length of primary branches (107.00 –116.84cm) are all reported. According to the study's findings, the hybrid 75227x1681 (3491 kg/ha) produced the highest overall yield per hectare, followed by 75227xAngafa (3023kg/ha) cultivated at Awada and 75227X1681 (1437kg/ha) in Leku. There will be a greater probability of obtaining enhanced Arabica coffee hybrid varieties in the south Ethiopian growing environment because the potential hybrid genotypes outperformed the current improved varieties at Awada and Leku. In order to suggest a stable and appropriate hybrid variety for coffee growers in the South, the experiment should be conducted again at various representative trial sites.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Genotypes in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia

AU  - Meseret Degefa
AU  - Habtamu Gebreselassie
AU  - Dejene Bekele
AU  - Kidist Shewangezaw
AU  - Ketema Manaye
AU  - Rahile Mengestu
AU  - Wondagegnehu G/tsaddik
AU  - Leta Ajema
AU  - Desalegn Alemayhu
AU  - Lemi Beksisa
AU  - Tadesse Benti
AU  - Ashenafi Ayano
Y1  - 2025/04/14
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
T2  - American Journal of Plant Biology
JF  - American Journal of Plant Biology
JO  - American Journal of Plant Biology
SP  - 10
EP  - 17
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8337
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20251001.12
AB  - Ethiopia is the center of origin and has a varied genetic foundation for Arabica coffee, but there is still a lack of yield-competitive enhanced varieties, which is why the average productivity in the country is significantly lower than the global average. The average national productivity is quite low as a result. Ethiopia's pure line variety development program has shown that it is rarely possible to increase yield over 1800–2000 kg/ha through direct selection. This suggests that heterotic hybrids are needed to maximize yield up to 2500–3000 kg/ha. Therefore, in order to find high yielding hybrids, it may be helpful to further assess the performance of the best performing hybrids for yield and growth traits at full bearing stage. Therefore, creating hybrid coffee kinds that are stable, disease-resistant, and high yielding is crucial to closing this gap and increasing coffee productivity. Thus, assessing coffee hybrid genotypes for yield and yield components was the goal of this study. To illustrate the growth and yield characteristics of four promising hybrid genotypes of Arabica coffee, the experiment was carried out at Awada and Leku. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to carry out the experiment between 2016 and 2021. Data were gathered on plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, length of the longest primary branch, number of main stem nodes, stem girth, internode length on the main stem, canopy diameter, and yield per hectare. The findings showed that there were statistically significant differences between the growth features. The number of primary branches (52.08 – 58.83), number of secondary branches (148.23 – 179.25), number of major stem nodes (27.96 – 30.66), stem diameter (2.82 – 3.45cm), canopy diameter (199 – 221.77cm), and average length of primary branches (107.00 –116.84cm) are all reported. According to the study's findings, the hybrid 75227x1681 (3491 kg/ha) produced the highest overall yield per hectare, followed by 75227xAngafa (3023kg/ha) cultivated at Awada and 75227X1681 (1437kg/ha) in Leku. There will be a greater probability of obtaining enhanced Arabica coffee hybrid varieties in the south Ethiopian growing environment because the potential hybrid genotypes outperformed the current improved varieties at Awada and Leku. In order to suggest a stable and appropriate hybrid variety for coffee growers in the South, the experiment should be conducted again at various representative trial sites.

VL  - 10
IS  - 1
ER  -

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