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Bacterial Contamination of Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital in Bauchi, Northeastern Nigeria

Received: 1 March 2017     Accepted: 9 March 2017     Published: 26 May 2017
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Abstract

Bacterial contamination of intensive care units is of clinical concern because it is one of the major risk factors of ICU -acquired infections and centre point of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Periodic surveillance is an early warning signal to non-adherence of basic standard infection control procedures and emergence of MDR pathogens. This study evaluated the bacterial contamination, bacterial pathogens isolated and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the ICU units. The units sampled were adult and neonatal intensive care units, accordingly to previously described methods and analyzed by standard microbiological methods. A total of 113 samples were collected, overall, 71(62.8%) yielded positive bacterial growth, 15(21.1%) detected by open-plate and 14(19.7%) by swabbing in adult intensive care unit and 20(28.2%) and 22(31.0%) in neonatal care unit. Bacillus spp,Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci spp predominated in both units 24(33.8%), 19(26.8%), 14(19.7%), Other pathogens 19%, clinically relevant pathogens isolated were Eschericia coli (1%), Klebsiella pneumonia(4%) and Streptococcus pneumonia (3%) respectively. High indoor contamination was recorded in both units, 51.7% (n=15) in AICU and 47.6% (n=20) in NICU and inanimate items/equipments. Clinically relevant pathogens were recovered from routinely used equipment and critical sites. High resistance to commonly prescribed and administered agents, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin was observed. Though the findings has provided a baseline information for furthered surveillance, but the high indoor contamination within both units signify increased traffic, ventilation system problem and inadequate cleaning procedures.

Published in American Journal of Internal Medicine (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13
Page(s) 46-51
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacterial Contamination, Intensive Care Units, Bacterial Pathogens, Antibiotic Susceptibility

References
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Jibrin Bara Yusuf, Okon Kenneth Okwong, Alkali Mohammed, Kadas Saidu Abubakar, Adamu Babayo, et al. (2017). Bacterial Contamination of Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital in Bauchi, Northeastern Nigeria. American Journal of Internal Medicine, 5(3), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13

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    ACS Style

    Jibrin Bara Yusuf; Okon Kenneth Okwong; Alkali Mohammed; Kadas Saidu Abubakar; Adamu Babayo, et al. Bacterial Contamination of Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital in Bauchi, Northeastern Nigeria. Am. J. Intern. Med. 2017, 5(3), 46-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13

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    AMA Style

    Jibrin Bara Yusuf, Okon Kenneth Okwong, Alkali Mohammed, Kadas Saidu Abubakar, Adamu Babayo, et al. Bacterial Contamination of Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital in Bauchi, Northeastern Nigeria. Am J Intern Med. 2017;5(3):46-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13,
      author = {Jibrin Bara Yusuf and Okon Kenneth Okwong and Alkali Mohammed and Kadas Saidu Abubakar and Adamu Babayo and Mohammed Maimaidu Barma and Shehu Ibrahim and Abdulmumin Ibrahim Sulaiman and Halilu Hafiz and Zailani Sambo Bello},
      title = {Bacterial Contamination of Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital in Bauchi, Northeastern Nigeria},
      journal = {American Journal of Internal Medicine},
      volume = {5},
      number = {3},
      pages = {46-51},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajim.20170503.13},
      abstract = {Bacterial contamination of intensive care units is of clinical concern because it is one of the major risk factors of ICU -acquired infections and centre point of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Periodic surveillance is an early warning signal to non-adherence of basic standard infection control procedures and emergence of MDR pathogens. This study evaluated the bacterial contamination, bacterial pathogens isolated and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the ICU units. The units sampled were adult and neonatal intensive care units, accordingly to previously described methods and analyzed by standard microbiological methods. A total of 113 samples were collected, overall, 71(62.8%) yielded positive bacterial growth, 15(21.1%) detected by open-plate and 14(19.7%) by swabbing in adult intensive care unit and 20(28.2%) and 22(31.0%) in neonatal care unit. Bacillus spp,Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci spp predominated in both units 24(33.8%), 19(26.8%), 14(19.7%), Other pathogens 19%, clinically relevant pathogens isolated were Eschericia coli (1%), Klebsiella pneumonia(4%) and Streptococcus pneumonia (3%) respectively. High indoor contamination was recorded in both units, 51.7% (n=15) in AICU and 47.6% (n=20) in NICU and inanimate items/equipments. Clinically relevant pathogens were recovered from routinely used equipment and critical sites. High resistance to commonly prescribed and administered agents, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin was observed. Though the findings has provided a baseline information for furthered surveillance, but the high indoor contamination within both units signify increased traffic, ventilation system problem and inadequate cleaning procedures.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Bacterial Contamination of Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital in Bauchi, Northeastern Nigeria
    AU  - Jibrin Bara Yusuf
    AU  - Okon Kenneth Okwong
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    AU  - Kadas Saidu Abubakar
    AU  - Adamu Babayo
    AU  - Mohammed Maimaidu Barma
    AU  - Shehu Ibrahim
    AU  - Abdulmumin Ibrahim Sulaiman
    AU  - Halilu Hafiz
    AU  - Zailani Sambo Bello
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    T2  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
    JF  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
    JO  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
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    EP  - 51
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-4324
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20170503.13
    AB  - Bacterial contamination of intensive care units is of clinical concern because it is one of the major risk factors of ICU -acquired infections and centre point of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Periodic surveillance is an early warning signal to non-adherence of basic standard infection control procedures and emergence of MDR pathogens. This study evaluated the bacterial contamination, bacterial pathogens isolated and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the ICU units. The units sampled were adult and neonatal intensive care units, accordingly to previously described methods and analyzed by standard microbiological methods. A total of 113 samples were collected, overall, 71(62.8%) yielded positive bacterial growth, 15(21.1%) detected by open-plate and 14(19.7%) by swabbing in adult intensive care unit and 20(28.2%) and 22(31.0%) in neonatal care unit. Bacillus spp,Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci spp predominated in both units 24(33.8%), 19(26.8%), 14(19.7%), Other pathogens 19%, clinically relevant pathogens isolated were Eschericia coli (1%), Klebsiella pneumonia(4%) and Streptococcus pneumonia (3%) respectively. High indoor contamination was recorded in both units, 51.7% (n=15) in AICU and 47.6% (n=20) in NICU and inanimate items/equipments. Clinically relevant pathogens were recovered from routinely used equipment and critical sites. High resistance to commonly prescribed and administered agents, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin was observed. Though the findings has provided a baseline information for furthered surveillance, but the high indoor contamination within both units signify increased traffic, ventilation system problem and inadequate cleaning procedures.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Internal Medicine, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Department of Internal Medicine, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

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