In response to the controversy over whether machines can think and the queries on artificial intelligence (AI), this paper clarifies that the essence of simulation and AI (i.e. simulation intelligence) should be pursuing assimilation (similartaxis) as well as keeping dissimilation to a prototype (natural intelligence). Both commonness and obvious otherness (individuality) must exist between them. This is a ‘Both/And’ thinking mode and not a simplified exclusive ‘Either/Or’ thinking. Based on four definitions and five hypotheses, some corollaries are educed logically to clarify the relation between machine intelligence and human mind and to answer the queries on AI. This paper points out that the ‘Either/Or’ thinking, such as ‘either true intelligence or false’ or ‘either whole mind or nothing’, resulted in some cognitive mistakes on AI and the mysticism had most deleterious consequences among the research of AI and cognitive science.
Published in | American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 1) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12 |
Page(s) | 10-19 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Simulation, Artificial Intelligence, Thinking Mode, Consciousness, Spirit
[1] | Turing A M. Computing machinery and intelligence [M]. Oxford University Press on behalf of MIND, 1950, 59(236): 433–460. |
[2] | Boden M A. The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. |
[3] | Russell S. Norvig P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach [M]. Person Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice-Hall, 1995. |
[4] | Feng T J. Intelligent Machine and Human Being. Science Press (in Chinese) (1983). |
[5] | Tian-Jin Feng, Ning Yang and Lin-Tao Ma. The Simulation Theory of Intelligence. 2012 Third International Conference on Theoretical and Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (ICTMF2012), Lecture Notes in Information Technology, Vol. 38: 188-194 |
[6] | Gerrans P. The theory of mind module in evolutionary psychology [J]. Biology and Philosophy, 2002, 17: 305–321. |
[7] | Bennett M, Dennett D, Hacker P, Searle J. Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language [M]. Columbia University Press, New York, 2007. |
[8] | Wiener N. Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine [M]. Cambridge, MP: MIT Press, 1948. |
[9] | Pierre Baldi, Soren Brunak. Bio-informatics—The Machine Learning Approach [M]. Arts & Licensing International. Inc. USA. 2003. |
[10] | Von Neumann J. The computer and the brain [M]. New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1958. |
[11] | Newell A, Simon H A. Computer Simulation of Human Thinking [J]. Science, 1961, 134(3495): 2011–2017. |
[12] | Ziman J. edited. Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process. [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. |
[13] | Wittgenstein L. Philosophical Investigations. [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Publisher, 1953. |
[14] | Hebb D O. The organization of behavior; a neuropsychological theory [M]. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1949. |
[15] | Rosenblatt F.: The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain [J]. Psychological Review, 1958, 65: 386-408. |
[16] | Feng T J. How The Neural Networks Estimate Parameters from Input Values? [J]. In: IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, I, 1992: 41-46. |
[17] | Ziman J. Real Science - What It Is, and What It Means [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. |
[18] | Searle J. Minds, brains, and programs [J]. Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 1980, 3: 417-457. |
[19] | Searle J. The Mystery of Consciousness [M]. A New York Review Book, 1997. |
[20] | Feng T J, Ma L T, Ding X Q, Yang N, Xiao X Z. Intelligent techniques for cigarette formula design [J]. Mpthmptics and Computers in Simulation, 2008, 77(5-6): 476-486. |
[21] | David Gameza, Progress in machine consciousness [J]. Consciousness and Cognition, 2008, 17: 887-910. |
[22] | Zelazo P D, et al. eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness [M]. Cambridge University Press, 2007. |
[23] | Casti J. L. The Cambridge Quintet: A Work of Scientific Speculation [M]. Sphere Books Ltd, 1998. |
[24] | Kasparov G., The Chess Master and the Computer [J]. The New York Review of Books, 2010, 57(2): 11. |
[25] | Penrose R. The Emperor’s New Mind - Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics [M]. Oxford University Press, 1989. |
[26] | Chalmers D. Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem MP [M]. MIT Press, 1997. |
[27] | Chalmers D. Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings [M]. Oxford University Press, 2002. |
[28] | Hawkins J, Blakeslee S, On Intelligence [M]. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co 2005. www. OnIntelligence.org |
[29] | LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning [J]. Nature, Vol 521, Macmillan Publishers Limited, 28 May 2015. |
[30] | Dreyfus H L. What Computers Still Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason [M]. Cambridge, MIT press 1992. |
[31] | Crick F. The Astonishing Hypothesis - The Scientific Search for the Soul [M]. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994. |
[32] | S. Blackmore, Consciousness: An Introduction [M]. Oxford University Press, 2003, 2010. |
[33] | Mainzer K. Thinking in Complexity - The Complex Dynamics of Matter, Mind and Mankind [M]. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. |
APA Style
Tianjin Feng. (2019). The Essence of Simulation and Artificial Intelligence. American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 3(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12
ACS Style
Tianjin Feng. The Essence of Simulation and Artificial Intelligence. Am. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2019, 3(1), 10-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12
AMA Style
Tianjin Feng. The Essence of Simulation and Artificial Intelligence. Am J Electr Comput Eng. 2019;3(1):10-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12
@article{10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12, author = {Tianjin Feng}, title = {The Essence of Simulation and Artificial Intelligence}, journal = {American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {10-19}, doi = {10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajece.20190301.12}, abstract = {In response to the controversy over whether machines can think and the queries on artificial intelligence (AI), this paper clarifies that the essence of simulation and AI (i.e. simulation intelligence) should be pursuing assimilation (similartaxis) as well as keeping dissimilation to a prototype (natural intelligence). Both commonness and obvious otherness (individuality) must exist between them. This is a ‘Both/And’ thinking mode and not a simplified exclusive ‘Either/Or’ thinking. Based on four definitions and five hypotheses, some corollaries are educed logically to clarify the relation between machine intelligence and human mind and to answer the queries on AI. This paper points out that the ‘Either/Or’ thinking, such as ‘either true intelligence or false’ or ‘either whole mind or nothing’, resulted in some cognitive mistakes on AI and the mysticism had most deleterious consequences among the research of AI and cognitive science.}, year = {2019} }
TY - JOUR T1 - The Essence of Simulation and Artificial Intelligence AU - Tianjin Feng Y1 - 2019/06/18 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12 T2 - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering JF - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering JO - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering SP - 10 EP - 19 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-0502 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20190301.12 AB - In response to the controversy over whether machines can think and the queries on artificial intelligence (AI), this paper clarifies that the essence of simulation and AI (i.e. simulation intelligence) should be pursuing assimilation (similartaxis) as well as keeping dissimilation to a prototype (natural intelligence). Both commonness and obvious otherness (individuality) must exist between them. This is a ‘Both/And’ thinking mode and not a simplified exclusive ‘Either/Or’ thinking. Based on four definitions and five hypotheses, some corollaries are educed logically to clarify the relation between machine intelligence and human mind and to answer the queries on AI. This paper points out that the ‘Either/Or’ thinking, such as ‘either true intelligence or false’ or ‘either whole mind or nothing’, resulted in some cognitive mistakes on AI and the mysticism had most deleterious consequences among the research of AI and cognitive science. VL - 3 IS - 1 ER -