@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12,
  author = {Jarumi Luka and Tijani Mohammed Isah and Olubajo Olumide Olu},
  title = {A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {103-115},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20221005.12},
  abstract = {The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm2 (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm2 (109.9), 36.88 N/mm2 (122.61), 41.31 N/mm2 (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm2 (122.35%) respectively.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin
AU  - Jarumi Luka
AU  - Tijani Mohammed Isah
AU  - Olubajo Olumide Olu
Y1  - 2022/11/22
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 103
EP  - 115
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
AB  - The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm2 (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm2 (109.9), 36.88 N/mm2 (122.61), 41.31 N/mm2 (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm2 (122.35%) respectively.
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
ER  - 

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