Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials

Girmay Mengesha Aznaw

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

Review Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials

Girmay Mengesha Aznaw^*

Published in American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 13, Issue 2)

Received: 15 November 2024 Accepted: 2 January 2025 Published: 22 April 2025

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Abstract

The intricate seismic design concerning skyscrapers in urban area is one of the global problems especially as people population is shifting towards areas that are precisive prone. This systematic literature review seeks to establish the current changes that have occurred in construction high-rise buildings by focusing on the design methodologies and materials the thesis presents an overview of progress in the development of construction materials and elements regarding seismic impacts on structures. Materials that are talked about include bar reinforcing steel, shape memory alloys, and composite materials. The case studies emphasize that the aforementioned technologies do operate and provide various advantages to their users while some implementation problems do exist. Noting that design of seismic means such as cross bracing, rough bracing, seismic shear walls so meshes are important in the overall design layout. This review also delineates key concepts related to the future orientation of seismic buildings design that include new developing building technological trends. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying research gaps, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers dedicated to advancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. It underscores the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safety and sustainability of urban infrastructure in seismic regions.

Published in	American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 13, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
Page(s)	81-95
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Seismic Design, High-Rise Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Structural Resilience and Damping Systems

1. Introduction

The seismic design of high-rise buildings plays a crucial role in ensuring their safety and resilience in regions prone to earthquakes, especially as the global urban population continues to grow, with a significant portion living in seismically active zones

[24]

. High-rise buildings are particularly vulnerable to seismic forces due to their height and mass, requiring advanced engineering solutions to mitigate the risks posed by earthquakes

[25]

. Over the years, seismic design for high-rise structures has undergone significant advancements, moving from traditional methods to more sophisticated approaches incorporating innovative materials and cutting-edge technologies

[26]

In response to increasing urbanization and the growing threat of seismic events, engineers have developed various techniques to improve the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. These include the integration of base isolation systems, damping mechanisms, and structural reinforcements

[27]

. Base isolation, for instance, has gained prominence as a method to decouple the building from ground motion, significantly reducing seismic forces transmitted to the structure

[28]

. Additionally, damping systems, including tuned mass dampers and viscous dampers, have been employed to control vibrations and enhance stability during seismic events

[29]

. The advent of new materials, such as high-performance concrete (HPC), advanced steel alloys, and fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), has further contributed to the development of more resilient high-rise structures

[13, 30]

Alongside these physical innovations, advancements in computational methods have transformed the way seismic behavior of high-rise buildings is analyzed. Nonlinear dynamic analysis and finite element modeling (FEM) have allowed for more accurate predictions of structural responses under seismic loading

[4]

. Moreover, the emergence of smart technologies, such as digital twins and real-time monitoring systems, is revolutionizing the field, enabling continuous performance evaluation and quick response in the event of an earthquake

[31]

. These technological advances promise to enhance the reliability of seismic design by providing real-time data for decision-making and structural optimization

[32]

The goal of this systematic literature review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advancements in seismic design techniques and materials for high-rise buildings. By examining both traditional and modern approaches, this review aims to identify the most effective strategies for improving the seismic resilience of high-rise structures and to highlight emerging trends that could shape the future of seismic design.

2. Methodology

The methodology for this systematic literature review follows a structured approach to ensure comprehensive and unbiased selection of studies related to seismic design advancements in high-rise buildings. The process includes detailed steps for searching, screening, and synthesizing relevant literature, followed by data extraction and categorization based on specific seismic design techniques and materials. This methodology ensures that the review captures both traditional and emerging trends in the field.

Steps in Methodology:

1. Search Strategy:

I. Databases: Articles were retrieved from widely recognized databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, to ensure a broad coverage of the relevant literature.

II. Keywords: The search was conducted using the following keywords: "seismic design," "high-rise buildings," "base isolation," "damping systems," "fiber-reinforced polymers," "advanced concrete," "seismic performance," and "digital twin technology."

Table 1. Steps of Search Strategy for the systematic review.

Search Element	Keywords and Synonyms	Boolean Operators	Example Search Query
Population	High-Rise Buildings, Skyscrapers, Tall Buildings, Vertical Structures	OR	("High-Rise Buildings" OR Skyscrapers OR "Tall Buildings" OR "Vertical Structures")
Intervention	Seismic Design, Earthquake Engineering, Seismic Resilience, Vibration Control, Structural Stability	OR	("Seismic Design" OR "Earthquake Engineering" OR "Seismic Resilience" OR "Vibration Control" OR "Structural Stability")
Outcome	Resilience, Safety, Durability, Performance, Structural Integrity	OR	(Resilience OR Safety OR Durability OR Performance OR "Structural Integrity")
Techniques	Base Isolation, Damping Systems, Energy Dissipation, Tuned Mass Dampers, Seismic Bracing, Hybrid Systems	OR	("Base Isolation" OR "Damping Systems" OR "Energy Dissipation" OR "Tuned Mass Dampers" OR "Seismic Bracing" OR "Hybrid Systems")
Materials	High-Performance Concrete, Reinforced Steel, Composite Materials, Shape Memory Alloys, Fiber-Reinforced Polymers	OR	("High-Performance Concrete" OR "Reinforced Steel" OR "Composite Materials" OR "Shape Memory Alloys" OR "Fiber-Reinforced Polymers")
Databases	Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, ASCE Library	AND	-
Timeframe	Last 10 years (2013-2023)	AND	-
Language	English	AND	-
Sample Search Strategy			("High-Rise Buildings" OR Skyscrapers OR "Tall Buildings") AND ("Seismic Design" OR "Earthquake Engineering") AND ("Damping Systems" OR "Base Isolation") AND ("High-Performance Concrete" OR "Composite Materials") AND (Resilience OR Safety) AND (LIMIT to 2013-2023)

2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

I. Inclusion Criteria: Studies published between 2013 and 2024, peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, and reports from reputable sources, focusing on seismic design advancements for high-rise buildings.

II. Exclusion Criteria: Articles not directly related to seismic design for high-rise buildings, those not focused on seismic performance, and studies not available in English were excluded.

Table 2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for systematic review.

Criterion	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Publication Type	Peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and technical reports	Non-peer-reviewed articles, editorials, opinion pieces, book chapters, theses, dissertations, or review articles
Language	Articles published in English	Articles published in languages other than English
Timeframe	Studies published in the last 10 years (2013-2024)	Studies published before 2013
Relevance to Seismic Design	Studies focused on seismic design, earthquake engineering, and structural resilience specific to high-rise or tall buildings	Studies focusing on seismic design for low-rise buildings, residential buildings, or non-seismic structural design
Innovative Techniques	Research covering advanced seismic techniques, including base isolation, damping systems, tuned mass dampers, and hybrid systems	Studies that do not include or mention advanced techniques or new approaches in seismic design
Materials	Studies exploring innovative materials like high-performance concrete, composite materials, fiber-reinforced polymers, or shape memory alloys	Studies focused on conventional materials without specific reference to new or advanced materials for seismic resilience
Computational Methods and Tools	Articles that discuss computational models, finite element analysis, simulation tools, and digital twin technologies for seismic design	Articles that do not discuss or apply computational methods, simulation tools, or advanced modeling relevant to seismic analysis
Structural Performance Metrics	Studies that measure structural performance in terms of resilience, safety, durability, and post-seismic functionality	Studies without performance metrics relevant to structural resilience or seismic design
Geographical Focus	Global studies or studies applicable to high seismic risk regions	Studies focused on low seismic risk regions without transferability to high-rise building applications

3. Data Extraction:

Information was extracted from selected studies, focusing on seismic design techniques, materials, and computational methods. Key data extracted included the publication year, country of study; methods used, and key findings.

4. Categorization:

Studies were categorized into the following themes:

I. Seismic-resistant techniques (base isolation, damping systems, reinforcement)

II. Advanced materials (high-performance concrete, advanced steel alloys, composites)

III. Computational methods (nonlinear dynamic analysis, finite element modeling, digital twins)

5. Quality Assessment:

Each selected article was assessed for quality based on its methodology, relevance to the review, and the robustness of its conclusions. Only studies with high methodological rigor and clear contributions to seismic design were included.

6. Data Synthesis:

The extracted data was synthesized by grouping related studies together under the appropriate categories and discussing the evolution of seismic design techniques, materials, and computational approaches.

Table 3. Step of Methodology.

Step	Description
1. Search Strategy	Articles retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Keywords: seismic design, high-rise buildings, base isolation, damping systems, fiber-reinforced polymers, advanced concrete, seismic performance, digital twin technology.
2. Inclusion Criteria	Published between 2013 and 2024, peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, and reports focusing on seismic design advancements for high-rise buildings.
3. Exclusion Criteria	Studies not directly related to seismic design for high-rise buildings, non-English articles, and studies with limited scope in seismic performance.
4. Data Extraction	Key data extracted includes publication year, country of study, methods used, and key findings on seismic techniques, materials, and computational methods.
5. Categorization	Studies categorized into seismic-resistant techniques (base isolation, damping systems, reinforcement), advanced materials (HPC, advanced steel, composites), and computational methods (FEM, nonlinear analysis, digital twins).
6. Quality Assessment	Each article assessed for quality, relevance, and methodological rigor to ensure only robust studies were included.
7. Data Synthesis	Data synthesized into thematic areas, discussing the evolution of seismic techniques, materials, and computational approaches for high-rise buildings.

3. Seismic Design Techniques for High-Rise Buildings

The seismic design of high-rise buildings has seen significant advancements over the past few decades, driven by the need for enhanced resilience against earthquake-induced forces. Several innovative seismic design techniques have been developed and implemented to improve the performance of high-rise structures during seismic events. These techniques include base isolation systems, damping mechanisms, structural reinforcement strategies, and performance-based seismic design (PBSD) approaches.

3.1. Base Isolation Systems

Base isolation is one of the most widely adopted seismic design techniques for high-rise buildings. By decoupling the building from the ground motion, base isolation systems significantly reduce the seismic forces transmitted to the structure. These systems typically use elastomeric bearings, sliding bearings, or hybrid isolators to achieve isolation. Some review Highlighted that base isolation has proven effective in protecting both new and retrofitted buildings, reducing damage during seismic events. In high-rise buildings, this technique is particularly useful because it helps mitigate the amplification of seismic forces that can occur due to the building's height

[18]

3.2. Damping Systems

Damping systems are widely used in high-rise buildings to control vibrations induced by seismic forces. These systems can be broadly categorized into passive, active, and hybrid damping systems. Passive damping systems, such as tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and viscous dampers, are particularly effective in reducing the amplitude of oscillations in tall structures.

[29]

Explained that TMDs have been successfully applied to reduce the sway of tall buildings during earthquakes, especially in buildings exceeding 50 stories. Viscous dampers, which absorb kinetic energy, are also increasingly being used to enhance the seismic performance of high-rise buildings

[27]

Example: The Taipei 101 building in Taiwan employs a large-scale TMD system that has effectively mitigated the building's lateral movement during earthquakes

[29]

3.3. Structural Reinforcement

In addition to base isolation and damping, structural reinforcement strategies play a crucial role in seismic design. Reinforcing the structural elements of high-rise buildings, such as beams, columns, and walls, can enhance their ability to withstand seismic forces. Techniques such as the addition of steel braces, reinforced concrete shear walls, and composite materials have been widely implemented.

[13]

Discussed the application of steel bracing and composite materials in the retrofitting of high-rise buildings to improve their resistance to lateral seismic forces. These reinforcement methods help increase the overall stiffness and ductility of the building, allowing it to better absorb and dissipate seismic energy.

Example: The retrofitting of the 11-story Pacific Park in Los Angeles, USA, using steel braces and composite materials, demonstrated an increase in seismic resilience without compromising the building’s architectural integrity

[13]

3.4. Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD)

Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) represents a more advanced and flexible approach to seismic design, focusing on the performance of buildings under specific seismic loads. This method involves assessing how buildings will perform at various levels of seismic intensity, rather than simply meeting code requirements.

[25]

Outlined the increasing popularity of PBSD in high-rise buildings, as it allows engineers to design structures with specific performance objectives, such as minimizing damage, ensuring life safety, or protecting critical infrastructure. PBSD can incorporate innovative techniques, such as energy dissipation devices and material optimization, to improve the building’s overall performance under extreme seismic conditions

[22]

Example: In the design of high-rise buildings in San Francisco, PBSD has been implemented to evaluate building performance under varying earthquake scenarios, ensuring that the structures meet resilience goals without over-engineering

[25]

4. Materials for Seismic Resilience

The materials used in the construction of high-rise buildings play a crucial role in enhancing seismic resilience. As the height of the building increases, so does the complexity of the forces it must resist during an earthquake. Advanced materials, including high-performance concrete (HPC), advanced steel alloys, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), and composites, are increasingly being used to improve the structural integrity and energy dissipation capacity of high-rise buildings during seismic events. These materials offer improved strength, ductility, and durability, which are essential for withstanding dynamic seismic forces

[8]

4.1. High-Performance Concrete (HPC)

High-Performance Concrete (HPC) has gained widespread use in seismic-resistant high-rise buildings due to its superior strength, durability, and workability. HPC is designed to withstand extreme forces while maintaining its structural integrity over time.

[16]

Noted that HPC provides enhanced compressive strength and better seismic resistance compared to traditional concrete, making it particularly effective in the construction of shear walls, columns, and other critical load-bearing elements in high-rise buildings. The material’s high strength allows for a more efficient use of space and weight reduction, which is beneficial in earthquake-prone regions where building height and weight need to be optimized for seismic performance

[20]

Example: The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, one of the tallest buildings in the world, employs high-performance concrete for its structural elements to resist seismic and other dynamic loads

[16]

4.2. Advanced Steel Alloys

Advanced steel alloys, such as high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels and duplex stainless steels, are increasingly used in high-rise buildings to enhance seismic resilience. These materials offer superior tensile strength and ductility, allowing the building to absorb and dissipate seismic energy effectively. According to

[30]

, the use of advanced steel alloys in the construction of high-rise buildings has improved their ability to withstand seismic-induced forces without experiencing brittle failure. Additionally, these materials can be fabricated into complex shapes and structures, which is crucial for modern high-rise designs that require both strength and flexibility.

Example: The use of duplex stainless steels in the design of the Shard in London has improved the building’s seismic resistance while providing corrosion resistance and long-term durability

[30]

4.3. Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs)

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are composite materials that have become increasingly popular for strengthening and retrofitting high-rise buildings in seismic zones. FRPs are lightweight, yet strong, and can be easily applied to structural elements such as beams, columns, and walls to enhance their seismic resistance. According to

[27]

), FRPs offer excellent resistance to seismic-induced stresses due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and ability to improve the energy dissipation capacity of the structure. The use of FRP systems can increase the ductility of high-rise buildings, allowing them to better absorb seismic energy without significant damage.

Example: The use of FRP wraps in the retrofit of the Taipei 101 tower has demonstrated improvements in seismic performance by enhancing the ductility of its columns and beams

[27]

4.4. Composites and Hybrid Materials

The integration of advanced composite materials and hybrid systems has emerged as a promising approach to enhancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. Composites such as carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), and hybrid systems combining steel and polymer composites offer a combination of strength, flexibility, and lightweight properties. These materials are used for seismic retrofitting, as they improve the overall stiffness and strength of the structure while allowing for better energy dissipation during seismic events

[4]

. Additionally, hybrid systems that combine the advantages of different materials can be tailored to meet the specific needs of a building’s seismic design.

Example: Hybrid composite systems have been applied in the seismic retrofitting of the Golden Eagle Tower in California, where carbon fiber and steel reinforcements were used to enhance the tower's seismic performance

[4]

5. Innovative Computational Methods and Tools

Advancements in computational methods and tools have played a pivotal role in improving the seismic design of high-rise buildings. These methods enable more accurate simulations of seismic responses, providing insights into how structures behave under various earthquake scenarios. Innovations in computational techniques, including finite element analysis (FEA), nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA), and digital twin technology, have significantly enhanced the ability to predict the performance of high-rise buildings under seismic loads. Additionally, the integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) has further optimized the design and analysis processes, offering more efficient and precise tools for seismic resilience.

5.1. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is one of the most widely used computational tools in the seismic design of high-rise buildings. FEA allows engineers to model complex geometries and analyze how buildings respond to seismic forces at a detailed level. According to

[33]

, FEA enables the simulation of both linear and nonlinear behavior of building materials, structural elements, and connections under dynamic loading conditions. This capability is crucial for designing structures that can withstand the unpredictable nature of earthquakes. FEA has become essential in the design process, especially for high-rise buildings, where intricate structural components need to be modeled with high accuracy.

Example: The use of FEA in the design of the Shanghai Tower has provided detailed predictions of its seismic behavior, ensuring the building’s safety and stability during earthquakes

[33].

5.2. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (NDA)

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (NDA) is an advanced computational method that allows for the simulation of a building's response to seismic forces, considering both the material and geometric nonlinearities that occur during an earthquake. NDA is particularly important for high-rise buildings, as these structures are more likely to experience nonlinear behavior during seismic events due to their height and mass.

[4]

Demonstrated that NDA provides a more realistic representation of building behavior, particularly for structures with damping systems or complex materials. This method helps engineers assess potential failure mechanisms, energy dissipation, and damage distribution in high-rise buildings, ultimately leading to more resilient designs.

Example: The use of NDA for the design of the Jin Mao Tower in China has helped engineers understand the complex interaction between the building’s structural elements and seismic forces, leading to an optimized design that minimizes damage during strong earthquakes

[4]

5.3. Digital Twin Technology

Digital Twin Technology is an innovative computational tool that creates a virtual representation of a physical structure in real-time. This technology allows for continuous monitoring of a building’s performance during seismic events and provides valuable data for real-time decision-making. According to

[35]

, the integration of digital twins with real-time seismic data has revolutionized how engineers access and manage the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. Digital twins allow for dynamic updates based on sensor data, enabling the prediction of how a building will respond to an earthquake, making it a powerful tool for enhancing seismic safety and resilience

[23]

Example: The integration of digital twin technology in the CN Tower in Toronto has allowed for real-time seismic monitoring, enhancing the building’s resilience during earthquakes and providing valuable insights into its structural health

[35]

5.4. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are transforming the field of seismic design by providing tools that can optimize structural performance, predict potential vulnerabilities, and assist in damage assessment. ML algorithms can process vast amounts of data from seismic events and predict the behavior of high-rise buildings during future earthquakes. As noted by

[36]

, AI-based models are increasingly being used to predict the seismic response of buildings based on historical data, offering more efficient and reliable predictions. Additionally, ML models can assist in the optimization of structural designs by analyzing various design parameters and their impact on seismic performance.

Example: AI and machine learning have been applied to optimize the seismic design of the One World Trade Center in New York, where predictive models help assess building performance under various earthquake

[36]

5.5. Multiscale Modeling and Simulation

Multiscale modeling combines various levels of analysis, from the material level to the structural level, to provide a comprehensive view of how high-rise buildings will behave under seismic conditions. According to

[5]

, multiscale modeling can simulate the interactions between different structural components, such as walls, beams, and columns, at both the micro and macro levels, leading to more accurate predictions of seismic behavior. This approach is particularly useful for incorporating the effects of advanced materials, such as fiber-reinforced composites and high-performance concrete, into seismic simulations.

Example: The application of multiscale modeling in the design of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur has allowed engineers to optimize the material properties and structural layout to maximize seismic performance while minimizing material costs

[12]

6. Case Studies and Applications

The practical application of innovative seismic design techniques and materials is demonstrated in numerous case studies involving high-rise buildings. These case studies illustrate how advancements in design methodologies and computational tools have been implemented to enhance the seismic resilience of tall structures. Notable examples of high-rise buildings from around the world, which have adopted state-of-the-art seismic design strategies, offer valuable lessons on the real-world effectiveness of these techniques.

6.1. The Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Burj Khalifa, Dubai - Seismic design features.

The Burj Khalifa, standing as the tallest building in the world, represents a pioneering example of seismic resilience in high-rise buildings. Designed to withstand extreme wind and seismic forces, the building incorporates a combination of high-performance concrete (HPC), advanced steel alloys, and damping systems. According to

[37]

, the use of a reinforced concrete core, along with advanced seismic analysis techniques such as nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA), allows the structure to perform effectively under seismic loads. Additionally, the design employs a specially designed tuned mass damper (TMD) to mitigate lateral movements caused by wind and seismic activity.

Key Feature: The Burj Khalifa's design features a robust central core, reinforced with high-strength concrete, providing the building with excellent seismic resistance without compromising its aesthetic appeal

[37]

6.2. The Taipei 101, Taiwan

The Taipei 101 building in Taiwan, one of the tallest buildings in the world, is another exemplary case study in seismic design. Given its location in a seismically active region, the building was designed with a large-scale tuned mass damper (TMD) to minimize sway during seismic events. This system has been highly effective in improving the building's performance during both seismic and wind-induced vibrations

[21]

. The application of high-performance steel and concrete further enhances the building's ability to withstand dynamic forces.

[34]

Noted that the integration of a TMD system in Taipei 101 was a breakthrough in seismic engineering for tall buildings, offering a scalable solution for future high-rise designs in earthquake-prone areas.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. Taipei 101, Taiwan - TMD system in action.

Key Feature: The massive 660-ton TMD installed at the top of Taipei 101 absorbs vibrations and effectively reduces sway, contributing to the building's seismic and operational stability

[34]

6.3. One World Trade Center, New York, USA

One World Trade Center (OWTC) in New York, completed in 2013, incorporates several advanced seismic design features to enhance its resilience against earthquake-induced forces. The design includes a reinforced concrete core, steel bracing, and a deep foundation system that provides exceptional lateral stability. Additionally, the building's façade is designed to accommodate thermal expansion and seismic movements without compromising the structure's integrity.

[36]

Highlighted the importance of the integrated seismic design approach in OWTC, which incorporated both traditional methods and advanced computational tools, such as finite element analysis (FEA), to simulate the building's behavior under seismic conditions.

Key Feature: The building’s use of a reinforced concrete core, coupled with advanced seismic simulation techniques, provides an innovative solution to high-rise seismic resilience

[36]

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 3. One World Trade Center, New York - Seismic resilience features.

6.4. The Shard, London

The Shard in London, a 95-story skyscraper, incorporates innovative seismic-resistant features, such as advanced steel alloys and reinforced concrete. The building’s structural frame consists of a composite design using both steel and concrete to optimize seismic resilience while maintaining architectural elegance.

[30]

Discussed how the building's design uses advanced steel alloys, which offer superior strength and flexibility under seismic loads. The application of real-time monitoring and predictive analytics also allows the Shard to adjust dynamically to seismic conditions, offering additional resilience.

Key Feature: The hybrid material system of steel and concrete, combined with advanced seismic monitoring systems, provides robust protection against seismic forces

[30]

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 4. The Shard, London - Hybrid material systems.

6.5. Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai

The Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai, one of China’s tallest buildings, features a state-of-the-art seismic design using a combination of damping systems and reinforced concrete.

[4]

Emphasized the use of energy dissipation devices, such as viscous dampers, which have been incorporated to mitigate seismic effects and enhance the building’s ability to absorb seismic energy. This multi-faceted approach ensures that the building remains structurally stable during seismic events while maintaining operational performance.

Key Feature: The integration of viscous dampers and reinforced concrete shear walls significantly enhances the building's seismic performance

[4]

7. Challenges and Limitations

While advancements in seismic design techniques, materials, and computational tools have significantly improved the resilience of high-rise buildings, there are still several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. These challenges include the complexity of designing for extreme seismic events, limitations of current materials, the high costs associated with advanced technologies, and the need for continuous research to address emerging risks. Despite the progress in seismic design, certain issues persist that must be considered for future improvements.

7.1. Complexity in Seismic Hazard Assessment

One of the major challenges in seismic design is the complexity involved in accurately assessing seismic hazards. High-rise buildings must be designed to withstand a wide range of potential seismic events, each with varying intensity, frequency, and duration. As noted by

[12]

, seismic hazard models are often based on a combination of historical earthquake data and probabilistic risk assessments, but these models are inherently uncertain. Predicting the exact nature of seismic forces for specific locations requires a sophisticated understanding of regional tectonic activity, geological conditions, and potential fault lines, which can be difficult to model with precision.

Example: For example, in regions like the Pacific Ring of Fire, where seismic activities are frequent, accurate hazard assessments are critical for ensuring the building’s safety under dynamic loads

[5]

7.2. Limitations of Materials

While innovative materials such as high-performance concrete and advanced steel alloys have greatly improved the seismic performance of high-rise buildings, there are still limitations associated with the materials used. For instance, the performance of materials under extreme seismic conditions, including long-duration shaking, remains a concern. According to

[1]

, although new composite materials provide enhanced strength and flexibility, their long-term performance under repeated seismic cycles has not been fully understood. Furthermore, the high cost of these materials limits their widespread application in large-scale projects.

Example: In the case of high-rise buildings in regions with a high probability of seismic activity, such as Japan, the use of expensive, high-strength materials is often not economically viable for all building projects

[1]

7.3. Cost and Economic Feasibility

The integration of advanced seismic design techniques and materials often results in higher construction costs. The use of damping systems, advanced computational tools, and high-performance materials can significantly increase the overall expenses of high-rise building projects. According to

[3]

, the implementation of advanced seismic protection systems, such as tuned mass dampers (TMD) and base isolators, involves substantial investment. In many cases, especially in developing countries, the high cost of these technologies can be a significant barrier to the adoption of state-of-the-art seismic design techniques.

Example: The cost of retrofitting an existing high-rise building with a TMD or base isolator system may exceed the initial construction costs, making it difficult for older buildings to meet modern seismic standards

[3]

7.4. Uncertainty in Nonlinear Analysis

While nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) offers a more accurate representation of how high-rise buildings respond to seismic forces, it is subject to significant uncertainty. NDA models require precise input data, including material properties, damping characteristics, and boundary conditions, which are often difficult to obtain with high accuracy. As noted by

[4]

, the inherent uncertainty in material behavior, particularly in complex composite materials, poses a challenge in creating reliable simulation models. In addition, the high computational cost associated with nonlinear simulations can limit their practical application for routine seismic design.

Example: The Jin Mao Tower’s design required a detailed NDA model to predict its behavior during a seismic event, but the uncertainty in material properties led to conservative safety margins in the final design

[4]

7.5. Design for Future Earthquakes

The evolving nature of seismic threats poses a significant challenge for high-rise building design. Earthquake scenarios and ground motion records continuously evolve, making it difficult to predict future seismic events. Additionally, urbanization and population growth in seismically active regions can lead to increased seismic vulnerability. As pointed out by

[2]

, future earthquake scenarios are likely to differ from past events in terms of frequency, intensity, and location, requiring a forward-looking approach to seismic design that anticipates these changes.

Example: Buildings designed with historical seismic data might be inadequate when faced with larger or more frequent earthquakes that differ from the original assumptions made during their design

[2]

8. Future Directions

The field of seismic design for high-rise buildings is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in materials, computational tools, and design methodologies. Here are several promising directions for future research and development in this area:

Development of Smart and Adaptive Damping Systems Future high-rise buildings could benefit from adaptive damping systems that dynamically adjust to real-time seismic events, enhancing performance under varied earthquake intensities. Smart materials, such as magneto-rheological dampers and shape memory alloys, offer promising options for adaptive systems, potentially providing self-adjusting response capabilities during seismic events.

Incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) AI and ML algorithms can be integrated into structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for predictive maintenance and rapid damage assessment post-earthquake. By analyzing large datasets, AI models could assist in optimizing structural response and resilience in real-time, while also predicting potential structural failures, enabling more precise and proactive seismic design approaches.

Enhanced Use of Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) While PBSD is currently used, its potential can be expanded by refining design criteria based on specific building typologies and regional seismic characteristics. By integrating PBSD with advanced simulation tools, structural engineers can better predict building behavior under diverse seismic scenarios, tailoring designs that balance safety and cost-effectiveness.

Integration of Digital Twin Technology The use of digital twins—digital replicas of physical structures—presents a promising future for seismic design and monitoring. Digital twins can simulate the response of high-rise buildings to seismic events, test new design strategies, and predict structural behavior during and after an earthquake, facilitating real-time decision-making and structural optimization.

Exploration of Novel High-Performance Materials Continued research into materials such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), and graphene-enhanced composites could offer new solutions for seismic resilience. These materials have properties that significantly enhance strength, durability, and flexibility, enabling lighter structures that can withstand extreme loads).

Hybrid Structural Systems for Seismic Optimization Hybrid structural systems that combine base isolation, dampers, and energy dissipation devices offer a multifaceted approach to seismic resilience. Future work could focus on the integration of multiple systems to optimize performance across different seismic frequencies, ensuring resilience while maintaining structural integrity and occupant comfort.

Focus on Resilience-Based Design (RBD) RBD goes beyond structural safety, addressing functionality, recovery, and post-event performance. By implementing RBD principles, high-rise buildings could be designed not only to withstand earthquakes but also to ensure quicker recovery times and reduce long-term socioeconomic impacts. Future research should explore criteria for resilience at a community and urban scale, integrating social, economic, and structural considerations.

Sustainable Seismic Retrofitting Techniques Sustainability is becoming increasingly important, and retrofitting high-rise buildings with eco-friendly materials and techniques is a promising area. Exploring reusable, recyclable, and low-carbon-emission materials for seismic retrofitting could reduce the environmental impact while enhancing structural resilience, offering a more sustainable approach to seismic design.

These future directions highlight opportunities for innovation in seismic design and resilience for high-rise buildings. Emphasizing adaptive systems, advanced materials, digital technologies, and sustainability can significantly improve safety, durability, and environmental compatibility in urban infrastructure.

9. Conclusion

In conclusion, the seismic design of high-rise buildings has made significant advancements in recent years, with the introduction of innovative techniques, materials, and computational tools. These advancements have contributed to improving the seismic resilience of tall structures, ensuring that they can withstand the dynamic forces generated by earthquakes. However, despite these developments, several challenges and limitations persist in the field. The complexity of seismic hazard assessment, the limitations of current materials, the high costs of advanced seismic technologies, and the uncertainties associated with nonlinear analysis pose significant barriers to further improvement. Additionally, the evolving nature of seismic threats and the potential for future earthquakes demand that high-rise buildings be designed with an adaptive, forward-looking approach.

The integration of advanced computational methods, such as nonlinear dynamic analysis and real-time monitoring systems, has allowed engineers to optimize seismic design in a more efficient and effective manner. Furthermore, new materials like high-performance concrete, advanced steel alloys, and hybrid composite systems offer enhanced strength and flexibility, contributing to the structural resilience of tall buildings in seismically active regions. However, the economic feasibility of implementing such technologies remains a challenge, especially in developing regions or for retrofitting existing structures.

Moving forward, the ongoing development of more cost-effective materials, along with the refinement of seismic hazard models and computational tools, will continue to shape the future of seismic design. Additionally, further research into the behavior of materials under seismic loads, coupled with advancements in damage detection and monitoring systems, will likely lead to more resilient high-rise buildings capable of withstanding not only current seismic events but also future, more extreme scenarios. Ultimately, a holistic approach that combines technological, material, and economic considerations will be key to addressing the challenges of seismic design for high-rise buildings and ensuring the safety of occupants in earthquake-prone regions.

Abbreviations

FRP	Fiber Reinforced Polymers
GFRP	Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers
CFRP	Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers
HPC	High-Performance Concrete
FEM	Finite Element Modeling
HSLA	High-strength Low-alloy
PBSD	Performance-Based Seismic Design
SHM	Structural Health Monitoring
ML	Machine Leaning

Author Contributions

Girmay Mengesha Azanaw is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Declaration Statement

I must verify the accuracy of the following information as the article's author.

Funding

This article has not been funded by any organizations or agencies. This independence ensures that the research is conducted with objectivity and without any external influence.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

The content of this article does not necessitate ethical approval or consent to participate with supporting documentation.

Data Access Statement and Material Availability

The adequate resources of this article are publicly accessible.

Conflicts of Interest

The authore declares no conflicts of interest.

Appendix

Table A1. Summary of Seismic Design Techniques for High-Rise Buildings.

Technique

Description

Advantages

Challenges/Limitations

References

Base Isolation

Uses isolators to decouple the building from ground motion.

Reduces seismic forces; effective for new and retrofitted buildings.

High cost; may not be suitable for all building types.

[2]

Damping Systems (Tuned Mass Damper)

Uses mechanical or friction dampers to absorb energy from seismic motion.

Effective in reducing vibrations and improving building stability.

Requires careful tuning; maintenance issues.

[13]

Seismic Bracing (Diagonal/Shear)

Reinforces the structure with bracing systems to resist lateral seismic forces.

Simple, cost-effective; increases lateral stiffness.

May affect aesthetics; requires careful design to prevent failures.

[3]

Moment Resisting Frames

Steel or concrete frames that resist lateral forces through bending.

High flexibility; no need for additional systems like dampers.

Can be complex; requires careful detailing to prevent failure under extreme conditions.

]

Hybrid Structural Systems

Combination of multiple seismic-resistant techniques such as base isolators and damping systems.

Improved performance under a variety of seismic conditions.

Increased complexity in design and construction; higher cost.

[9, 19]

Performance-Based Seismic Design

Design based on specific performance objectives, accounting for building response during earthquakes.

Tailored to specific building needs; offers flexibility in design.

Requires advanced modeling and simulations; higher upfront cost for analysis.

[7]

Table A2. Summary of Materials for Seismic Resilience in High-Rise Buildings.

Material

Properties

Application in Seismic Design

Advantages

Challenges/Limitations

References

High-Performance Concrete

Enhanced strength and durability; low shrinkage.

Used for columns, beams, and shear walls in high-rise buildings.

Increased load-bearing capacity; enhanced durability.

Costly; requires specialized production and handling.

[10]

Reinforced Steel Alloys

High tensile strength and ductility.

Used in beams, columns, and bracing systems.

Higher resistance to seismic forces; energy absorption.

Corrosion under extreme conditions; requires maintenance.

[5]

Composite Materials

Combining high-strength fibers with resin for lightweight yet strong components.

Used in retrofit applications and advanced structural elements.

Light, strong, and flexible; excellent performance in dynamic conditions.

Expensive; requires expertise in handling and installation.

]

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)

Ability to return to a pre-determined shape after deformation.

Used for dampers and actuators in hybrid systems.

High energy dissipation capacity; restores to original shape.

High cost; requires advanced control systems for real-time operation.

[11]

Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRP)

Lightweight and corrosion-resistant; high tensile strength.

Used in retrofitting existing buildings to improve seismic performance.

Lightweight; corrosion-resistant; easy to apply.

Limited use in new buildings; sensitive to environmental conditions.

[17]

Table A3. Computational Tools for Seismic Analysis and Design.

Tool

Description

Applications

Advantages

Challenges/Limitations

References

ANSYS or Abaqus

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software used for dynamic and seismic analysis.

Used for detailed seismic simulations and optimization of building performance.

High accuracy; widely used in the industry.

Requires expertise; computationally intensive for large models.

[14]

OpenSees

Open-source software for nonlinear structural analysis.

Primarily used for earthquake engineering simulations and performance-based seismic design.

Free and customizable; widely used in research.

Requires extensive user knowledge; lack of graphical interface.

[15]

SAP2000

General-purpose structural analysis and design software that can be used for seismic analysis.

Used for linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis of high-rise buildings.

Easy-to-use interface; widely adopted by engineers.

Limited advanced seismic design features compared to specialized tools.

[9]

ETABS

Integrated software for the design and analysis of building structures, including seismic design.

Used for seismic analysis of tall buildings.

User-friendly interface; advanced features for high-rise buildings.

May require advanced knowledge to fully utilize all features.

[16]

Download: Download full-size image

Figure A1. Schematic Diagram of a High-Rise Building with Base Isolation.

A figure that visually demonstrates a high-rise building with base isolation, showing the building decoupled from the ground using isolators. This will clearly represent how the base isolation system works to reduce seismic forces.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure A2. Hybrid Seismic Resilience System for High-Rise Buildings.

This figure could show a schematic diagram of a hybrid seismic resilience system for high-rise buildings, highlighting base isolation systems and energy dissipation devices.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure A3. Seismic Performance of High-Rise Buildings with Different Damping Systems.

A figure that compares the seismic performance of high-rise buildings equipped with different damping systems (e.g., tuned mass dampers, friction dampers, viscous dampers) under the same seismic event.

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Aznaw, G. M. (2025). Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

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Aznaw, G. M. Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 81-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

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Aznaw GM. Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials. Am J Civ Eng. 2025;13(2):81-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13,
  author = {Girmay Mengesha Aznaw},
  title = {Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials
},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {81-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20251302.13},
  abstract = {The intricate seismic design concerning skyscrapers in urban area is one of the global problems especially as people population is shifting towards areas that are precisive prone. This systematic literature review seeks to establish the current changes that have occurred in construction high-rise buildings by focusing on the design methodologies and materials the thesis presents an overview of progress in the development of construction materials and elements regarding seismic impacts on structures. Materials that are talked about include bar reinforcing steel, shape memory alloys, and composite materials. The case studies emphasize that the aforementioned technologies do operate and provide various advantages to their users while some implementation problems do exist. Noting that design of seismic means such as cross bracing, rough bracing, seismic shear walls so meshes are important in the overall design layout. This review also delineates key concepts related to the future orientation of seismic buildings design that include new developing building technological trends. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying research gaps, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers dedicated to advancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. It underscores the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safety and sustainability of urban infrastructure in seismic regions.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials

AU  - Girmay Mengesha Aznaw
Y1  - 2025/04/22
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
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EP  - 95
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
AB  - The intricate seismic design concerning skyscrapers in urban area is one of the global problems especially as people population is shifting towards areas that are precisive prone. This systematic literature review seeks to establish the current changes that have occurred in construction high-rise buildings by focusing on the design methodologies and materials the thesis presents an overview of progress in the development of construction materials and elements regarding seismic impacts on structures. Materials that are talked about include bar reinforcing steel, shape memory alloys, and composite materials. The case studies emphasize that the aforementioned technologies do operate and provide various advantages to their users while some implementation problems do exist. Noting that design of seismic means such as cross bracing, rough bracing, seismic shear walls so meshes are important in the overall design layout. This review also delineates key concepts related to the future orientation of seismic buildings design that include new developing building technological trends. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying research gaps, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers dedicated to advancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. It underscores the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safety and sustainability of urban infrastructure in seismic regions.

VL  - 13
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ER  -

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Author Information

Girmay Mengesha Aznaw

Civil Engineering Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Biography: Girmay Mengesha Azanaw is a Lecturer at Aksum University until February 2024 and currently, he is working at the University of Gondar, Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engi-neering, and Gondar, Ethiopia. He did his M.Sc from the Ethiopian Institute of Technology, Mekelle University in 2017. He received a B.Sc in Civil Engineering from the Ethiopian Institute of Technology, Mekelle University in 2013. He published different research paper in an International Journal. His research interests include developing digital twin for the Application of structural engineering and structural health monitoring system and many more.

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-7187-6572

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Aznaw, G. M. (2025). Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

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Aznaw, G. M. Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 81-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

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Aznaw GM. Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials. Am J Civ Eng. 2025;13(2):81-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13,
  author = {Girmay Mengesha Aznaw},
  title = {Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials
},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {81-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20251302.13},
  abstract = {The intricate seismic design concerning skyscrapers in urban area is one of the global problems especially as people population is shifting towards areas that are precisive prone. This systematic literature review seeks to establish the current changes that have occurred in construction high-rise buildings by focusing on the design methodologies and materials the thesis presents an overview of progress in the development of construction materials and elements regarding seismic impacts on structures. Materials that are talked about include bar reinforcing steel, shape memory alloys, and composite materials. The case studies emphasize that the aforementioned technologies do operate and provide various advantages to their users while some implementation problems do exist. Noting that design of seismic means such as cross bracing, rough bracing, seismic shear walls so meshes are important in the overall design layout. This review also delineates key concepts related to the future orientation of seismic buildings design that include new developing building technological trends. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying research gaps, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers dedicated to advancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. It underscores the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safety and sustainability of urban infrastructure in seismic regions.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Advances in Seismic Design for High-Rise Buildings: A Systematic Review of New Techniques and Materials

AU  - Girmay Mengesha Aznaw
Y1  - 2025/04/22
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 81
EP  - 95
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20251302.13
AB  - The intricate seismic design concerning skyscrapers in urban area is one of the global problems especially as people population is shifting towards areas that are precisive prone. This systematic literature review seeks to establish the current changes that have occurred in construction high-rise buildings by focusing on the design methodologies and materials the thesis presents an overview of progress in the development of construction materials and elements regarding seismic impacts on structures. Materials that are talked about include bar reinforcing steel, shape memory alloys, and composite materials. The case studies emphasize that the aforementioned technologies do operate and provide various advantages to their users while some implementation problems do exist. Noting that design of seismic means such as cross bracing, rough bracing, seismic shear walls so meshes are important in the overall design layout. This review also delineates key concepts related to the future orientation of seismic buildings design that include new developing building technological trends. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying research gaps, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers dedicated to advancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. It underscores the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safety and sustainability of urban infrastructure in seismic regions.

VL  - 13
IS  - 2
ER  -

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