Background: The consumption of dietary fat plays a vital role in the maintenance of metabolic health as it exerts impact over several physiological processes, including lipid profiles, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity, among other factors. The aim of this comprehensive review seeks to assess the influence of dietary fat consumption on metabolic processes. Methods: An exhaustive and methodical exploration of pertinent databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, was undertaken to identify animal studies, clinical trials, and epidemiological research. The search terms included "dietary fat," "metabolic health," "epidemiological studies," "clinical trials," and "animal studies". Result: Animal studies demonstrate that high intake of saturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, while unsaturated fats such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial effects. Observational studies in humans reveal that higher intake of saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, whereas unsaturated fats lower the risk. Conclusion: Clinical trials have further supported the importance of replacing SFAs with healthier fats, such as MUFAs and PUFAs, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, in improving metabolic health markers in human subjects. Instead of advising against fats altogether, it is important to specify the preferred types of fats to be consumed as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle.
| Published in | American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12 |
| Page(s) | 68-77 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Metabolic Health, Dietary Fat, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension
Reference | Sample size | Methods | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Derosa et al., (2013) [29] | 91 participants | Participants were prescribed a 3 g/day omega-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) supplementation for a period of 24 months. | Omega-3 PUFAs supplementation for 24 months resulted in improved cholesterol levels and reduced blood pressure, including a decrease in systolic blood pressure by 2.6 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.4 mmHg. Additionally, there was a decrease in basal heart rate by 4.1 bpm, and the extent of blood pressure improvement was influenced by baseline blood pressure levels and patient age. |
Ahola et al., (2017) [21] | 791 Participant | -Self-administered dietary questionnaire -3-day exercise and diet record. -Another 3-day exercise and control. | The proportions of dietary macronutrients or fatty acids were not associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), and there were no differences in macronutrient distribution between individuals with and without MetS. However, choosing carbohydrates over fats was linked to a lower likelihood of increased waist circumference, and opting for carbohydrates or fats instead of proteins was associated with a reduced probability of elevated blood pressure. |
Cicero et al., (2010) [19] | 111 Participant | Patients with normal to high blood pressure and MetS received daily 2 grams of 85% EPA and DHA-rich esterified PUFAs for 12 months. | After a 3-month treatment, there were notable reductions in plasma lipid levels, specifically Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG), along with an increase in High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). During a 12-month treatment period, PUFA supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) by an average of 2.7 mmHg, Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) by 1.3 mmHg, and Pulse Pressure (PP) by 1.4 mmHg, as well as a decrease in basal heart rate by an average of 4.0 beats per minute (bpm). The decrease in DBP was influenced by patient age and remained consistent across different patient sexes. |
Ebbesson et al., (2007) [22] | 691 (325 men and 366 women) | Dietary intake was assessed using a FFQ | The beginning of the study, the participants were slightly overweight with low blood pressure (BP) and triglyceride (TG) levels, and high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Consuming saturated fatty acids (SFA) was associated with elevated TG levels and increased BP, while trans fatty acids were linked to higher BP. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), including EPA, DHA, and DPA, were associated with improved metabolic health, such as lower BP, TG levels, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and insulin resistance. However, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) consumption did not show significant associations with the components of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). |
Hekmatdoost et al., (2011b) [24] | 822 (354 men and 468 women | Assessment of FFQ, Height, BMI, WC, BP, age, physical activity, smoking habits, blood samples | There is a significant association between dietary consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), with higher SFA intake and overall fat intake linked to elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and triglyceride (TG) levels, as well as lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Individuals with low SFA intake tend to consume more grains, dairy, fruits, and vegetables and less meat compared to those with high SFA intake, and there is no established connection between linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid, and MetS components, while age was not found to be associated with saturated fatty acid intake. |
Shab-Bidar et al., (2014) [25] | 2750 (44% men and 56% women | Dietary intake was evaluated through the utilization of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). | Consumption of saturated fats was linked to higher triglyceride levels and lower HDL-C levels, while monounsaturated fats were associated with higher HDL-C levels. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats was positively related to HDL-C levels and negatively associated with the LDL: HDL-C ratio, and these dietary fat factors were significantly associated with the risk of Metabolic Syndrome, except for total PUFA intake. |
Tierney et al., (2011a) [30] | 477 participants | The researchers used a validated food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake. | Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) had distinct dietary habits, characterized by higher total fat and MUFA intake, lower carbohydrate and fiber consumption, and lower physical activity levels compared to those without MetS. Furthermore, men and women with MetS were more likely to deviate from recommended macronutrient distribution ranges, particularly for carbohydrates, total fat, MUFAs, and α-linolenic acid, and were less likely to meet established dietary recommendations. |
Reference | Sample size | Methods | Key finding |
|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al., (2014) [37] | 59 participants | The participants were divided into three groups: one group received corn oil (CO), another group received a botanical oil (BO) combination (borage/echium oil), and the third group received fish oil (FO). | The study found that the groups receiving the BO and FO dietary supplements showed significant improvements in lipid profiles, with BO reducing total and LDL cholesterol, and FO reducing triglycerides and hemoglobin A1c while increasing HDL cholesterol, whereas the CO group did not show any significant changes. |
Hernández et al., (2017) [34] | 14 Participants | Healthy individuals randomly received either palm oil (PO) or vehicle (VCL). Hepatic metabolism was analyzed using in vivo 13C/31P/1H and ex vivo 2H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. | Administration of palm oil decreased insulin sensitivity, increased hepatic triglyceride and ATP content, and altered glucose metabolism, while also differentially regulating various gene pathways, ultimately leading to rapid increases in hepatic lipid storage, energy metabolism, and insulin resistance. |
Tardivo et al., (2015) [9] | 87 Participants | The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group (n=43) that followed a diet alone and an intervention group (n=44) that followed a diet along with omega-3 supplementation (900mg/day orally). | A dietary intervention combined with omega-3 supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome led to significant reductions in BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers, beyond the benefits seen with diet alone. |
Poppitt et al., (2002b) [33] | 46 Participants | The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups: control diet, low-fat complex carbohydrate diet (LF-CC), or low-fat simple carbohydrate diet (LF-SC). The intervention lasted for 6 months. | The LF-CC diet had a significant impact on body weight and BMI, leading to the greatest weight loss compared to the control diet and LF-SC diet. Additionally, the LF-CC diet resulted in the largest decrease in total cholesterol levels, while LDL cholesterol levels remained unchanged across all groups. HDL cholesterol levels decreased over time in all three groups, and triacylglycerol concentrations were highest in the LF-SC group. |
Venturini et al., (2015) [42] | The study included 102 patients (81 women and 21 men). | The participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the control group (CG) maintained their usual diet, the fish oil group (FO) received 3 g/d of fish oil u-3 fatty acids, the extra virgin olive oil group (OO) received 10 mL/d of extra virgin olive oil, and the fish oil and extra virgin olive oil group (FOO) received 3 g/d of fish oil u-3 fatty acids and 10 mL/d of extra virgin olive oil. | The combination of fish oil and extra virgin olive oil supplementation led to significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-C, as well as improvements in lipid and oxidative stress markers, in patients with metabolic syndrome, suggesting a beneficial synergistic effect on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. |
Yubero-Serrano et al., (2015b) [40] | 472 Participants with metabolic syndrome from 8 European countries | The study involved randomly assigning subjects to one of four diets: a high-saturated fatty acid diet, a high-monounsaturated fatty acid diet, a low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet with n-3 PUFA supplementation, or a low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet with a placebo. | Consuming specific diets, including HMUFA and LFHCC n-3, improved insulin resistance, reduced body mass index and waist circumference, and favorably altered lipid profiles and blood pressure in subjects with varying degrees of insulin resistance. |
SFA | Saturated Fatty Acids |
MUFA | Monounsaturated Fatty Acids |
PUFA | Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
LDL-c | Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
TC | Total Cholesterol |
CVD | Cardiovascular Disease |
CHD | Coronary Heart Disease |
T2DM | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
HTN | Hypertension |
DII | Dietary Inflammatory Index |
HDL-c | High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
TG | Triglycerides |
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APA Style
Ofori, S. A., Dwomoh, J., Owusu, P., Kwakye, D. O., Kyeremeh, O., et al. (2024). Dietary Fat Intake on Metabolic Health: An in-Depth Analysis of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Animal Studies. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 12(4), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12
ACS Style
Ofori, S. A.; Dwomoh, J.; Owusu, P.; Kwakye, D. O.; Kyeremeh, O., et al. Dietary Fat Intake on Metabolic Health: An in-Depth Analysis of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Animal Studies. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2024, 12(4), 68-77. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12
AMA Style
Ofori SA, Dwomoh J, Owusu P, Kwakye DO, Kyeremeh O, et al. Dietary Fat Intake on Metabolic Health: An in-Depth Analysis of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Animal Studies. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2024;12(4):68-77. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12,
author = {Samuel Ayetibo Ofori and Joshua Dwomoh and Prince Owusu and Divine Osei Kwakye and Osei Kyeremeh and Dennis Kwabena Frimpong and Martin Leo Aggrey},
title = {Dietary Fat Intake on Metabolic Health: An in-Depth Analysis of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Animal Studies
},
journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {68-77},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20241204.12},
abstract = {Background: The consumption of dietary fat plays a vital role in the maintenance of metabolic health as it exerts impact over several physiological processes, including lipid profiles, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity, among other factors. The aim of this comprehensive review seeks to assess the influence of dietary fat consumption on metabolic processes. Methods: An exhaustive and methodical exploration of pertinent databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, was undertaken to identify animal studies, clinical trials, and epidemiological research. The search terms included "dietary fat," "metabolic health," "epidemiological studies," "clinical trials," and "animal studies". Result: Animal studies demonstrate that high intake of saturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, while unsaturated fats such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial effects. Observational studies in humans reveal that higher intake of saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, whereas unsaturated fats lower the risk. Conclusion: Clinical trials have further supported the importance of replacing SFAs with healthier fats, such as MUFAs and PUFAs, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, in improving metabolic health markers in human subjects. Instead of advising against fats altogether, it is important to specify the preferred types of fats to be consumed as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle.
},
year = {2024}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Dietary Fat Intake on Metabolic Health: An in-Depth Analysis of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Animal Studies AU - Samuel Ayetibo Ofori AU - Joshua Dwomoh AU - Prince Owusu AU - Divine Osei Kwakye AU - Osei Kyeremeh AU - Dennis Kwabena Frimpong AU - Martin Leo Aggrey Y1 - 2024/09/11 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12 T2 - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences JF - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences JO - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences SP - 68 EP - 77 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-880X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20241204.12 AB - Background: The consumption of dietary fat plays a vital role in the maintenance of metabolic health as it exerts impact over several physiological processes, including lipid profiles, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity, among other factors. The aim of this comprehensive review seeks to assess the influence of dietary fat consumption on metabolic processes. Methods: An exhaustive and methodical exploration of pertinent databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, was undertaken to identify animal studies, clinical trials, and epidemiological research. The search terms included "dietary fat," "metabolic health," "epidemiological studies," "clinical trials," and "animal studies". Result: Animal studies demonstrate that high intake of saturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, while unsaturated fats such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial effects. Observational studies in humans reveal that higher intake of saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, whereas unsaturated fats lower the risk. Conclusion: Clinical trials have further supported the importance of replacing SFAs with healthier fats, such as MUFAs and PUFAs, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, in improving metabolic health markers in human subjects. Instead of advising against fats altogether, it is important to specify the preferred types of fats to be consumed as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle. VL - 12 IS - 4 ER -
Department of Biological Sciences Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Ashanti Mampong, Ghana
Department of Biological Sciences Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Ashanti Mampong, Ghana
Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
Department of Biological Sciences Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Ashanti Mampong, Ghana
Department of Biological Sciences Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Ashanti Mampong, Ghana
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