Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo

Soumaoro Idrissa; Pitala Were; Gnandi Kissao; Oke Emmanuel

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo

Soumaoro Idrissa, Pitala Were, Gnandi Kissao, Oke Emmanuel

Published in American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 16 July 2020 Accepted: 13 August 2020 Published: 7 October 2020

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This study investigated heavy metals and physicochemical quality of drinking water used in poultry farms at the Maritime region of Togo. Information was gathered by face-to-face interviewing and samples from different drinking water sources (Wells, drillings and tanks) were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, pH, nitrate, sulphate and some heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, As, Ni, Pb and Zn using standard methods Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Thermo Electron S series. The results showed that most of poultry farms in Maritime region were located within potential provenances sources of water pollution. These sources comprised agricultural, residential and industrial areas. The analysis indicated that concentrations of the metals were mostly far below the maximum recommended concentration. However, the concentrations of Iron, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in some of the water samples were higher than the international standard values. Also the concentration of nitrate and sulphate in some water samples were higher than the levels recommended by WHO. The water samples were soft and moderately hard. The pH of all analysed samples was within the allowable limit. It was concluded that the contamination of drinking water in the poultry farms of the Maritime region of Togo was moderate except in industrial areas which was considerably high.

Published in	American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
Page(s)	43-49
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Drinking Water, Heavy Metals, Poultry Farms, Maritime Region of Togo

References

[1]	Scott, M. L., M. C. Nesheim and R. J. Young, 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. 3rd Edn. Humphrey Press Inc., Geneva, New York.
[2]	Kellems, R. O. and D. C. Church, 2002. Livestock Feeds and Feeding. 5th Edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
[3]	Robert, A. and Swick, Ph. D. (1998): Water quality and management for poultry. ASA Tech. Bull. Vol. PO41: 1-8.
[4]	Tsagarakis, K. P.; Paranychianakis, N. V. and Angelakis, A. N (2003): Aqualibrium European water management between regulations and competition. Country report; Greece, EUKI-CT-2001-80003.
[5]	Fawell, J. and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2003): Contaminants in drinking water. Environmental pollution and health. British Medical Bulletin. 68: 199-208.
[6]	Barton, T. L.; Hileman, L. H. and Nelison, T. S. (1986): A survey of water quality on Arkansas broiler farms and its effect on performance. 36 pp Proc. 21st Natl. Meeting Poultry.
[7]	Bokori, J.; Fekete, S.; Glavits, R.; Kadar, I.; Konez, J. and Kovari, L. (1996): Effect of prolonged dietary exposure of broiler chicken to cadmium. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 44 (1): 57-74.
[8]	Hassan, A. M. A. (1998): Some water pollutants and their effects on immune response to vaccines in poultry. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Vet. Med. Suez Canal Univ. Egypt.
[9]	Fiagan K-A (2014); etude des potentialites aquacoles de la région maritime au Togo, Revue Ivoirienne de Géographie des Savanes, Numéro 2 Juin 2017, ISSN 2521-2125.
[10]	Hakanson L., 1980. Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A Sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14 (5): 975-1001. pp. 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10. 15242/IICBE.C0214005.
[11]	Larocque, A. C., & Rasmussen, P. E. (1998). An overview of trace metals in the environment: Mobilization to remediation. Environmental Geology, 33, 85–91.
[12]	Krishna, A. K., & Govil, P. K. (2004). Heavy metal contamination of soil around Pali industrial area, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Geology, 47, 38–44.
[13]	McMurtry, Gary M, Wiltshire, Jhon C, Kauahikaua, et al. (1995) Heavy Metal Anomalies in Coastal Sediments of Oahu, Hawaii. Pacific Sci 49: 452-470.
[14]	Kant C. A., Meijer G. A. L., Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2007, 133 (1-2): 84-108.
[15]	Neveen H. I. Abo El -Enaen and Reham Reda. 2011. Study of the zinc effect on the cadmium pollution in poultry. pp. 121–133.
[16]	WHO (2003) Nitrate and nitrite and Chloride in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/56).
[17]	Oyeku, O. T & Eludoyin, A. O. 2010. Heavy metal contamination of ground water resources in a Nigerian urban settlement. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (4): 201-214.
[18]	Rajappa, B., Manjappa, S & Puttaiah, E. T. 2010. Monitoring of heavy metal concentration in groundwater of Hakinaka Taluk, India. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 3 (4): 183-190.
[19]	Bhaskar, C. V., Kumar, K & Nagendrappa, G. 2010. Assessment of heavy metals in water samples of certain locations situated around Tumkur, Karnataka, India’, viewed 12 June 2010, http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in//Assessment%20of%20heavy%20metals%20in%20 water%20samples.
[20]	Rajkovic, M. B., Lacnjevac, C. M., Ralevic, N. R., Stojanovic, M. D., Toskovic, D. V., Pantelic, G. K., Ristic, N. M & Jovanic, S. 2008. Identification of metals (heavy and radioactive) in drinking water by indirect analysis method based on scale tests. Sensors, 8: 2188-2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8042188
[21]	Soylak, M. and Elci, L. (2000): Solid phase extraction of trace metal ions in drinking water samples from KayseriTurkey. J. Trace. Microprobe Tech. (18): 397.
[22]	Khan MSH, Mostofa M, Jahan MS, Sayed MA & Hossain MA (2008). Effect of garlic and Vitamin-B complex in lead acetate induced toxicities in mice. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6 (2): 203-210.
[23]	Erdogan Z, Erdogan S, Aksu T & Baytok E (2005). The effect of dietary lead exposure and ascorbic acid on performance, lipid peroxidation status and biochemical parameters of broilers. Turkey Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 29: 1053-1059.
[24]	Bakalli, R. I., I. G. Presti, and W. L. Raglang, 1995. The magnitude of lead toxicity in broiler chickens. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 37: 17-19.
[25]	Keshavarz, k. (1987): Proper water management for poultry. Poult. Digest, Jan. 12–22.
[26]	Spalding, R. F., and M. E. Exner, (1993) Occurrence of Nitrate in Groundwater—A Review, Journal of Environmental Quality, 22, pp. 392-402.
[27]	Remade, F., (1987) Ecotoxicology. Third edition. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.
[28]	Lack, F. (1988): Management of water systems. Poult. Int. June, 49-50.
[29]	Akoto, O. and Adiyiah, J. (2007): Chemical analysis of drinking water from some communities in the Brong Ahafo region. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 4 (2): 211-214.
[30]	Naik, P. K., Dehury, B. N., & Tiwari, A. N. (2007). Groundwater pollution around industrial area in the costal stretch of Maharashtra state, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132 (1–3), 207–233.
[31]	WHO (2011) Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth edition.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Soumaoro Idrissa, Pitala Were, Gnandi Kissao, Oke Emmanuel. (2020). Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics, 6(3), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Soumaoro Idrissa; Pitala Were; Gnandi Kissao; Oke Emmanuel. Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. Am. J. Biol. Environ. Stat. 2020, 6(3), 43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Soumaoro Idrissa, Pitala Were, Gnandi Kissao, Oke Emmanuel. Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. Am J Biol Environ Stat. 2020;6(3):43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12,
  author = {Soumaoro Idrissa and Pitala Were and Gnandi Kissao and Oke Emmanuel},
  title = {Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo},
  journal = {American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {43-49},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbes.20200603.12},
  abstract = {This study investigated heavy metals and physicochemical quality of drinking water used in poultry farms at the Maritime region of Togo. Information was gathered by face-to-face interviewing and samples from different drinking water sources (Wells, drillings and tanks) were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, pH, nitrate, sulphate and some heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, As, Ni, Pb and Zn using standard methods Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Thermo Electron S series. The results showed that most of poultry farms in Maritime region were located within potential provenances sources of water pollution. These sources comprised agricultural, residential and industrial areas. The analysis indicated that concentrations of the metals were mostly far below the maximum recommended concentration. However, the concentrations of Iron, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in some of the water samples were higher than the international standard values. Also the concentration of nitrate and sulphate in some water samples were higher than the levels recommended by WHO. The water samples were soft and moderately hard. The pH of all analysed samples was within the allowable limit. It was concluded that the contamination of drinking water in the poultry farms of the Maritime region of Togo was moderate except in industrial areas which was considerably high.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo
AU  - Soumaoro Idrissa
AU  - Pitala Were
AU  - Gnandi Kissao
AU  - Oke Emmanuel
Y1  - 2020/10/07
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
T2  - American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics
JF  - American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics
JO  - American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics
SP  - 43
EP  - 49
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2471-979X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
AB  - This study investigated heavy metals and physicochemical quality of drinking water used in poultry farms at the Maritime region of Togo. Information was gathered by face-to-face interviewing and samples from different drinking water sources (Wells, drillings and tanks) were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, pH, nitrate, sulphate and some heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, As, Ni, Pb and Zn using standard methods Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Thermo Electron S series. The results showed that most of poultry farms in Maritime region were located within potential provenances sources of water pollution. These sources comprised agricultural, residential and industrial areas. The analysis indicated that concentrations of the metals were mostly far below the maximum recommended concentration. However, the concentrations of Iron, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in some of the water samples were higher than the international standard values. Also the concentration of nitrate and sulphate in some water samples were higher than the levels recommended by WHO. The water samples were soft and moderately hard. The pH of all analysed samples was within the allowable limit. It was concluded that the contamination of drinking water in the poultry farms of the Maritime region of Togo was moderate except in industrial areas which was considerably high.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Soumaoro Idrissa

Regional Centre of Excellence in Avian Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
Pitala Were

Regional Centre of Excellence in Avian Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
Gnandi Kissao

Department of Geology, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
Oke Emmanuel

Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Soumaoro Idrissa, Pitala Were, Gnandi Kissao, Oke Emmanuel. (2020). Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics, 6(3), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Soumaoro Idrissa; Pitala Were; Gnandi Kissao; Oke Emmanuel. Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. Am. J. Biol. Environ. Stat. 2020, 6(3), 43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Soumaoro Idrissa, Pitala Were, Gnandi Kissao, Oke Emmanuel. Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. Am J Biol Environ Stat. 2020;6(3):43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12,
  author = {Soumaoro Idrissa and Pitala Were and Gnandi Kissao and Oke Emmanuel},
  title = {Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo},
  journal = {American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {43-49},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbes.20200603.12},
  abstract = {This study investigated heavy metals and physicochemical quality of drinking water used in poultry farms at the Maritime region of Togo. Information was gathered by face-to-face interviewing and samples from different drinking water sources (Wells, drillings and tanks) were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, pH, nitrate, sulphate and some heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, As, Ni, Pb and Zn using standard methods Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Thermo Electron S series. The results showed that most of poultry farms in Maritime region were located within potential provenances sources of water pollution. These sources comprised agricultural, residential and industrial areas. The analysis indicated that concentrations of the metals were mostly far below the maximum recommended concentration. However, the concentrations of Iron, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in some of the water samples were higher than the international standard values. Also the concentration of nitrate and sulphate in some water samples were higher than the levels recommended by WHO. The water samples were soft and moderately hard. The pH of all analysed samples was within the allowable limit. It was concluded that the contamination of drinking water in the poultry farms of the Maritime region of Togo was moderate except in industrial areas which was considerably high.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo
AU  - Soumaoro Idrissa
AU  - Pitala Were
AU  - Gnandi Kissao
AU  - Oke Emmanuel
Y1  - 2020/10/07
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
T2  - American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics
JF  - American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics
JO  - American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics
SP  - 43
EP  - 49
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2471-979X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbes.20200603.12
AB  - This study investigated heavy metals and physicochemical quality of drinking water used in poultry farms at the Maritime region of Togo. Information was gathered by face-to-face interviewing and samples from different drinking water sources (Wells, drillings and tanks) were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, pH, nitrate, sulphate and some heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, As, Ni, Pb and Zn using standard methods Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Thermo Electron S series. The results showed that most of poultry farms in Maritime region were located within potential provenances sources of water pollution. These sources comprised agricultural, residential and industrial areas. The analysis indicated that concentrations of the metals were mostly far below the maximum recommended concentration. However, the concentrations of Iron, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in some of the water samples were higher than the international standard values. Also the concentration of nitrate and sulphate in some water samples were higher than the levels recommended by WHO. The water samples were soft and moderately hard. The pH of all analysed samples was within the allowable limit. It was concluded that the contamination of drinking water in the poultry farms of the Maritime region of Togo was moderate except in industrial areas which was considerably high.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download