Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure

Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate; Joel Mwangi Gichumbi; Esther Wanja Nthiga

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure

Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate^*

, Joel Mwangi Gichumbi

, Esther Wanja Nthiga

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 13, Issue 6)

Received: 4 November 2025 Accepted: 14 November 2025 Published: 17 December 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to design, synthesize, and characterize novel ruthenium (II) Schiff base complexes as potential antimicrobial agents to address the growing crisis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Despite advances in antibiotic development, resistance to existing drugs, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli-demands new compounds with alternative mechanisms of action. A key research gap lies in the limited exploration of pyridine-imine Schiff base ruthenium complexes with systematic substitution (-Br, -OH) and a comparison between simple Ru (II) and Ru(II)-p-cymene architectures. Ligands and their Ru (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, ¹H NMR, and melting point. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar disc diffusion against both bacterial strains at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg/mL, with data analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test (α = 0.05). Results showed Ru (II) complexes exhibited significantly higher inhibition than free ligands (p ≤ 0.05), with bromo- and hydroxy-substituted cymene complexes (e.g., L-C2, L1-C2) displaying the strongest activity (up to 14 -15 mm zones). Although all compounds were less potent than gentamycin, the enhanced bioactivity upon metal coordination supports Tweedy’s chelation theory. These findings validate Ru (II)-Schiff base complexes as promising scaffolds for future antimicrobial development, warranting further studies on MIC, toxicity, and antifungal activity.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 13, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
Page(s)	152-163
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Schiff Base, Ruthenium (II) Complexes, Antibacterial Activity, Pyridine-imine Ligands, Spectral Characterization, p-Cymene Ruthenium

References

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APA Style

Nyang’ate, S. O., Gichumbi, J. M., Nthiga, E. W. (2025). Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 13(6), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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ACS Style

Nyang’ate, S. O.; Gichumbi, J. M.; Nthiga, E. W. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2025, 13(6), 152-163. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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AMA Style

Nyang’ate SO, Gichumbi JM, Nthiga EW. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure. Am J Appl Chem. 2025;13(6):152-163. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11,
  author = {Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate and Joel Mwangi Gichumbi and Esther Wanja Nthiga},
  title = {Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {152-163},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20251306.11},
  abstract = {This study aimed to design, synthesize, and characterize novel ruthenium (II) Schiff base complexes as potential antimicrobial agents to address the growing crisis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Despite advances in antibiotic development, resistance to existing drugs, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli-demands new compounds with alternative mechanisms of action. A key research gap lies in the limited exploration of pyridine-imine Schiff base ruthenium complexes with systematic substitution (-Br, -OH) and a comparison between simple Ru (II) and Ru(II)-p-cymene architectures. Ligands and their Ru (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and melting point. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar disc diffusion against both bacterial strains at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg/mL, with data analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test (α = 0.05). Results showed Ru (II) complexes exhibited significantly higher inhibition than free ligands (p ≤ 0.05), with bromo- and hydroxy-substituted cymene complexes (e.g., L-C2, L1-C2) displaying the strongest activity (up to 14 -15 mm zones). Although all compounds were less potent than gentamycin, the enhanced bioactivity upon metal coordination supports Tweedy’s chelation theory. These findings validate Ru (II)-Schiff base complexes as promising scaffolds for future antimicrobial development, warranting further studies on MIC, toxicity, and antifungal activity.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure
AU  - Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate
AU  - Joel Mwangi Gichumbi
AU  - Esther Wanja Nthiga
Y1  - 2025/12/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 152
EP  - 163
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
AB  - This study aimed to design, synthesize, and characterize novel ruthenium (II) Schiff base complexes as potential antimicrobial agents to address the growing crisis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Despite advances in antibiotic development, resistance to existing drugs, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli-demands new compounds with alternative mechanisms of action. A key research gap lies in the limited exploration of pyridine-imine Schiff base ruthenium complexes with systematic substitution (-Br, -OH) and a comparison between simple Ru (II) and Ru(II)-p-cymene architectures. Ligands and their Ru (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and melting point. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar disc diffusion against both bacterial strains at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg/mL, with data analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test (α = 0.05). Results showed Ru (II) complexes exhibited significantly higher inhibition than free ligands (p ≤ 0.05), with bromo- and hydroxy-substituted cymene complexes (e.g., L-C2, L1-C2) displaying the strongest activity (up to 14 -15 mm zones). Although all compounds were less potent than gentamycin, the enhanced bioactivity upon metal coordination supports Tweedy’s chelation theory. These findings validate Ru (II)-Schiff base complexes as promising scaffolds for future antimicrobial development, warranting further studies on MIC, toxicity, and antifungal activity.
VL  - 13
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate

Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-8343-7935
Joel Mwangi Gichumbi

Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya

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http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7406-2712
Esther Wanja Nthiga

Department of Physical Chemistry, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Nyeri, Kenya

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-8465

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APA Style

Nyang’ate, S. O., Gichumbi, J. M., Nthiga, E. W. (2025). Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 13(6), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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ACS Style

Nyang’ate, S. O.; Gichumbi, J. M.; Nthiga, E. W. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2025, 13(6), 152-163. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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AMA Style

Nyang’ate SO, Gichumbi JM, Nthiga EW. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure. Am J Appl Chem. 2025;13(6):152-163. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11,
  author = {Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate and Joel Mwangi Gichumbi and Esther Wanja Nthiga},
  title = {Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {152-163},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20251306.11},
  abstract = {This study aimed to design, synthesize, and characterize novel ruthenium (II) Schiff base complexes as potential antimicrobial agents to address the growing crisis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Despite advances in antibiotic development, resistance to existing drugs, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli-demands new compounds with alternative mechanisms of action. A key research gap lies in the limited exploration of pyridine-imine Schiff base ruthenium complexes with systematic substitution (-Br, -OH) and a comparison between simple Ru (II) and Ru(II)-p-cymene architectures. Ligands and their Ru (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and melting point. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar disc diffusion against both bacterial strains at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg/mL, with data analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test (α = 0.05). Results showed Ru (II) complexes exhibited significantly higher inhibition than free ligands (p ≤ 0.05), with bromo- and hydroxy-substituted cymene complexes (e.g., L-C2, L1-C2) displaying the strongest activity (up to 14 -15 mm zones). Although all compounds were less potent than gentamycin, the enhanced bioactivity upon metal coordination supports Tweedy’s chelation theory. These findings validate Ru (II)-Schiff base complexes as promising scaffolds for future antimicrobial development, warranting further studies on MIC, toxicity, and antifungal activity.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Novel Schiff Base Metal (II) Complexes: Structural Characterization and Structure
AU  - Shem Ongechi Nyang’ate
AU  - Joel Mwangi Gichumbi
AU  - Esther Wanja Nthiga
Y1  - 2025/12/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 152
EP  - 163
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251306.11
AB  - This study aimed to design, synthesize, and characterize novel ruthenium (II) Schiff base complexes as potential antimicrobial agents to address the growing crisis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Despite advances in antibiotic development, resistance to existing drugs, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli-demands new compounds with alternative mechanisms of action. A key research gap lies in the limited exploration of pyridine-imine Schiff base ruthenium complexes with systematic substitution (-Br, -OH) and a comparison between simple Ru (II) and Ru(II)-p-cymene architectures. Ligands and their Ru (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and melting point. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar disc diffusion against both bacterial strains at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg/mL, with data analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test (α = 0.05). Results showed Ru (II) complexes exhibited significantly higher inhibition than free ligands (p ≤ 0.05), with bromo- and hydroxy-substituted cymene complexes (e.g., L-C2, L1-C2) displaying the strongest activity (up to 14 -15 mm zones). Although all compounds were less potent than gentamycin, the enhanced bioactivity upon metal coordination supports Tweedy’s chelation theory. These findings validate Ru (II)-Schiff base complexes as promising scaffolds for future antimicrobial development, warranting further studies on MIC, toxicity, and antifungal activity.
VL  - 13
IS  - 6
ER  -

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