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Strengthening Climate-Smart Agriculture-Responsive Extension in Kenya: Evidence on Inclusion and Effectiveness for Smallholder Farmers

Rohin Onyango*,  Daniel Nzengya,  Lilian Lihasi
Published in World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (Volume 3, Issue 3)
Received: 11 July 2025     Accepted: 24 July 2025     Published: 11 August 2025
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Abstract

Despite Kenya's policy commitment to Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and progressive reforms in agricultural extension, significant gaps remain in ensuring equitable access to and effective services, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examines the delivery and perception of CSA-responsive extension services among smallholder farmers in Tharaka Nithi County, focusing on three key dimensions: inclusion (gender and disability), feedback mechanisms, and provider type (public versus private). Utilizing a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach with 418 respondents, the study integrates quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to evaluate access to extension services and CSA adoption. The findings indicate that private sector-led extension services reached a more diverse group of farmers and were more strongly associated with CSA adoption than public sector-led services. Although gender and disability alone did not yield statistically significant differences in access, their combined effect approached significance, indicating the presence of intersectional barriers. Feedback mechanisms also influenced outcomes: field visits and community meetings effectively promoted CSA adoption, particularly for farmers with disabilities, whereas Short Message Service (SMS) messaging had limited impact. Education and farming experience emerged as significant factors facilitating adoption. Overall, the findings highlight the limitations of conventional, top-down extension systems and underscore the necessity for more participatory, inclusive, and locally adapted approaches. This study advocates for a transition toward a multi-actor, learning-centered CSA-responsive extension model to ensure that climate resilience strategies equitably reach and benefit all farmers, especially those situated at the last mile of service delivery.

Published in World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13
Page(s) 62-76
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Keywords

Climate-Smart Agriculture, Extension Services, Smallholder Farmers, Gender, Disability Inclusion, Agricultural Advisory

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    Onyango, R., Nzengya, D., Lihasi, L. (2025). Strengthening Climate-Smart Agriculture-Responsive Extension in Kenya: Evidence on Inclusion and Effectiveness for Smallholder Farmers. World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 3(3), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13

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    ACS Style

    Onyango, R.; Nzengya, D.; Lihasi, L. Strengthening Climate-Smart Agriculture-Responsive Extension in Kenya: Evidence on Inclusion and Effectiveness for Smallholder Farmers. World J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2025, 3(3), 62-76. doi: 10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13

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    AMA Style

    Onyango R, Nzengya D, Lihasi L. Strengthening Climate-Smart Agriculture-Responsive Extension in Kenya: Evidence on Inclusion and Effectiveness for Smallholder Farmers. World J Agric Sci Technol. 2025;3(3):62-76. doi: 10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13,
  author = {Rohin Onyango and Daniel Nzengya and Lilian Lihasi},
  title = {Strengthening Climate-Smart Agriculture-Responsive Extension in Kenya: Evidence on Inclusion and Effectiveness for Smallholder Farmers
},
  journal = {World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {62-76},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjast.20250303.13},
  abstract = {Despite Kenya's policy commitment to Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and progressive reforms in agricultural extension, significant gaps remain in ensuring equitable access to and effective services, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examines the delivery and perception of CSA-responsive extension services among smallholder farmers in Tharaka Nithi County, focusing on three key dimensions: inclusion (gender and disability), feedback mechanisms, and provider type (public versus private). Utilizing a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach with 418 respondents, the study integrates quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to evaluate access to extension services and CSA adoption. The findings indicate that private sector-led extension services reached a more diverse group of farmers and were more strongly associated with CSA adoption than public sector-led services. Although gender and disability alone did not yield statistically significant differences in access, their combined effect approached significance, indicating the presence of intersectional barriers. Feedback mechanisms also influenced outcomes: field visits and community meetings effectively promoted CSA adoption, particularly for farmers with disabilities, whereas Short Message Service (SMS) messaging had limited impact. Education and farming experience emerged as significant factors facilitating adoption. Overall, the findings highlight the limitations of conventional, top-down extension systems and underscore the necessity for more participatory, inclusive, and locally adapted approaches. This study advocates for a transition toward a multi-actor, learning-centered CSA-responsive extension model to ensure that climate resilience strategies equitably reach and benefit all farmers, especially those situated at the last mile of service delivery.},
 year = {2025}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Strengthening Climate-Smart Agriculture-Responsive Extension in Kenya: Evidence on Inclusion and Effectiveness for Smallholder Farmers

AU  - Rohin Onyango
AU  - Daniel Nzengya
AU  - Lilian Lihasi
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DO  - 10.11648/j.wjast.20250303.13
T2  - World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
JF  - World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
JO  - World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
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AB  - Despite Kenya's policy commitment to Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and progressive reforms in agricultural extension, significant gaps remain in ensuring equitable access to and effective services, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examines the delivery and perception of CSA-responsive extension services among smallholder farmers in Tharaka Nithi County, focusing on three key dimensions: inclusion (gender and disability), feedback mechanisms, and provider type (public versus private). Utilizing a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach with 418 respondents, the study integrates quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to evaluate access to extension services and CSA adoption. The findings indicate that private sector-led extension services reached a more diverse group of farmers and were more strongly associated with CSA adoption than public sector-led services. Although gender and disability alone did not yield statistically significant differences in access, their combined effect approached significance, indicating the presence of intersectional barriers. Feedback mechanisms also influenced outcomes: field visits and community meetings effectively promoted CSA adoption, particularly for farmers with disabilities, whereas Short Message Service (SMS) messaging had limited impact. Education and farming experience emerged as significant factors facilitating adoption. Overall, the findings highlight the limitations of conventional, top-down extension systems and underscore the necessity for more participatory, inclusive, and locally adapted approaches. This study advocates for a transition toward a multi-actor, learning-centered CSA-responsive extension model to ensure that climate resilience strategies equitably reach and benefit all farmers, especially those situated at the last mile of service delivery.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
ER  -

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