Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the <i>Need</i> and <i>Demand</i> Conceptions

Chengcheng Wu; Neil Adrian Powe

doi:doi:10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

| Peer-Reviewed

Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions

Chengcheng Wu, Neil Adrian Powe

Published in Urban and Regional Planning (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 8 November 2021 Accepted: 30 November 2021 Published: 9 December 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Equitable access to services of good quality is important for disadvantaged social groups and one way to evaluate it is through spatial equity assessment. The existing studies disproportionately focus on measuring access/assessing equity reflecting the equality and/or need conception(s) and barely integrate the quality of services into the process. Thus, this research explores the necessity for integrating the quality of services into potential access measurement and assessing spatial equity based on both the need and demand conceptions. Using GP practices in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK as a case study, the research demonstrates the inadequacy of neglecting the quality aspect of services when measuring potential access and of neglecting social groups’ demands when assessing spatial equity at the city scale. For instance, the result of the spatial equity assessment for GP practices of good quality in the city is different from the result for all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. The result of the spatial equity assessment of all GP practices in the city based on the demand conception is different from that of all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. Through the illustrations of the conceptual framework for spatial equity assessment and the integration of the size and quality of services into potential access measurement for social groups at the city scale, the research develops a more comprehensive spatial equity assessment framework. It contributes to the existing conceptual and empirical studies in better measuring potential access to services and assessing spatial equity. For policy implications, the research illustrates how to apply the assessment framework to provide recommendations on which services that may need increasing size and/or improving quality at the city scale.

Published in	Urban and Regional Planning (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
Page(s)	165-173
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Equity and Spatial Equity Assessment, Need and Demand Conceptions, Potential Access Measurement, Size and Quality of Services, GP Practices

References

[1]	Aday, L. and Anderson, R. (1974). A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care, Health Services Research, 9: 208-220.
[2]	Apparicio, P., Cloutier, M. and Shearmur, R. (2007). The Case of Montreal's Missing Food Deserts: Evaluation of Accessibility to Food Supermarkets, International Journal of Health Geographics, 6 (1): 4.
[3]	Andersen, R. and Newman J. (1973). Societal and Individual Determinants of Medical Care Utilization. Milbank Memorial Fund Quart, 51: 95-124.
[4]	Boone, C., Buckley, G., Grove, J. and Sister, C. (2009). Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland, Annuals of the Association of American Geographers, 99 (4): 767-787.
[5]	Chang, H. and Liao, C. (2011). Exploring an Integrated Method for Measuring the Relative Spatial Equity in Public Facilities in the Context of Urban Parks, Cities, 28: 361-371.
[6]	Comber, A., Brunsdon, C. and Green, E. (2008). Using A GIS-based Network Analysis to Determine Urban Greenspace Accessibility for Different Ethnic and Religious Groups, Landscape and Urban Planning, 86 (1): 103-114.
[7]	CQC (2021). What we do. Available from: https://www.cqc.org.uk/what-we-do
[8]	DCLG (2015). English Indices of Deprivation 2015. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015.
[9]	Figueroa, J., Morgan, M. Gibson, B. and Beech, R. (2002). What does ‘Access to Health Care’ Mean? – Access to Health Care, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. Available from: http://hsr.sagepub.com/content/7/3/186.abstract.
[10]	Green, S., Poots, A., Marcano-Belisario, J., Samarasundera, E., Green, J. Honeybourne, E. and Barnes, R. (2012). Mapping Mental Health Service Access: Achieving Equity through Quality Improvement, Journal of Public Health, 35 (2): 286-292.
[11]	Grosios, K, Gahan, P. and Burbidge, J. (2010). Overview of Healthcare in the UK, EPMA Journal, 1: 529-534.
[12]	Hewko, J., Smoyer-Tomic, E. and Hodgson, M. (2002). Measuring Neighborhood Spatial Accessibility to Urban Amenities: Does Aggregation Error Matter? Environment and Planning A, 34 (7): 1185-1206.
[13]	Higgs, G. (2004). A Literature Review of the Use of GIS-Based Measures of Access to Health Care Services, Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology, 5: 119-139.
[14]	Higgs, G. and White, S. (2000). Alternatives to Census-based Indicators of Social Disadvantage in Rural Communities, Progress in Planning, 53: 1-81.
[15]	Hillman, M., Henderson, I. and Whalley, A. (1973). Personal Mobility and Transport Policy. London: George and Berridge & Co. Ltd.
[16]	Khan, A. (1992). An Integrated Approach to Measuring Potential access to Health Care Services, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 26 (4): 275-287.
[17]	Knox, P. (1978). The Intraurban Ecology of Primary Medical Care: Patterns of Accessibility and Their Policy Implications, Environment and Planning A, 10: 415-435.
[18]	Lucy (1981). Equity and Planning for Local Services, Journal of the American Planning Association, 47 (4): 447-457.
[19]	Macedo, J. and Haddad, M. (2015). Equitable Distribution of Open Space: Using Spatial Analysis to Evaluate Urban Parks in Curitiba, Brazil, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 43 (6): 1096-1117.
[20]	McLafferty, S. (2003). GIS and health care, Annual Review of Public Health, 24: 25-42.
[21]	Nicholls, S. (2001). Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: a case study using GIS, Managing Leisure, 6: 201-219.
[22]	Omer, I. (2006). Evaluating accessibility using house-level data: A spatial equity perspective, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 30: 254-274.
[23]	ONS (2017). 2011 census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Edition: February 2017).
[24]	Rogers, A., Hassell, K. and Nicolaas, G. (1999). Demanding Patients? Analyzing the Use of Primary Care. Buckingham: Open University Press.
[25]	Smoyer-Tomic, K., Hewko, J. and Hodgson, M (2004). Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Playgrounds in Edmonton, Canadian Geographer, 48 (3): 1-16.
[26]	Taleai, M., Sliuzas, R. and Flacke, J. (2014). An integrated framework to evaluate the equity of urban public facilities using spatial multi-criteria analysis, Cities, 40: 56-69.
[27]	Talen, E. (1998) Visualizing Fairness: Equity Maps for Planners, Journal of the American Planning Association, 64: 1, pp. 22-38.
[28]	Talen, E. (2001). School, Community, and Spatial Equity: An Empirical Investigation of Access to Elementary Schools in West Virginia, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91 (3): 465-486.
[29]	Talen, E. (2003). Neighborhoods as Service Providers: A Methodology for Evaluating Pedestrian Access, Environment and Planning B, 30 (2): 181.
[30]	Talen, E. and Anselin, L. (1998). Assessing Spatial Equity: An Evaluation of Measures of Accessibility to Public Playgrounds, Environment and Planning A, 30: 595-613.
[31]	The Scottish Government (2012). Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. Available from: http://simd.scotland.gov.uk/publication-2012/.
[32]	Todd, A., Copeland, A., Husband, A., Kasim, A. and Bambra, C. (2015). Access All Areas? An Area-level Analysis of Accessibility to General Practice and Community Pharmacy Services in England by Urbanity and Social Deprivation, BMJ Open, 4: 1-7.
[33]	Wan, N., Zou, B. and Sternberg, T. (2012). A Three-step Floating Catchment Area Method for Analyzing Spatial Access to Health Services. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26: 1073-1089.
[34]	Witten, K., Exeter, D. and Field, A. (2003). The Quality of Urban Environments: Mapping Variation in Access to Community Resources, Urban Studies, 40 (1): 161-177.
[35]	Wu, C., Powe, N. and Copeland, A. (2021). Minimizing aggregation errors when measuring potential access to services for social groups at the city scale, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48 (8): 2206-2220.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Chengcheng Wu, Neil Adrian Powe. (2021). Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions. Urban and Regional Planning, 6(4), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Chengcheng Wu; Neil Adrian Powe. Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions. Urban Reg. Plan. 2021, 6(4), 165-173. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Chengcheng Wu, Neil Adrian Powe. Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions. Urban Reg Plan. 2021;6(4):165-173. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18,
  author = {Chengcheng Wu and Neil Adrian Powe},
  title = {Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions},
  journal = {Urban and Regional Planning},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {165-173},
  doi = {10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.urp.20210604.18},
  abstract = {Equitable access to services of good quality is important for disadvantaged social groups and one way to evaluate it is through spatial equity assessment. The existing studies disproportionately focus on measuring access/assessing equity reflecting the equality and/or need conception(s) and barely integrate the quality of services into the process. Thus, this research explores the necessity for integrating the quality of services into potential access measurement and assessing spatial equity based on both the need and demand conceptions. Using GP practices in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK as a case study, the research demonstrates the inadequacy of neglecting the quality aspect of services when measuring potential access and of neglecting social groups’ demands when assessing spatial equity at the city scale. For instance, the result of the spatial equity assessment for GP practices of good quality in the city is different from the result for all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. The result of the spatial equity assessment of all GP practices in the city based on the demand conception is different from that of all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. Through the illustrations of the conceptual framework for spatial equity assessment and the integration of the size and quality of services into potential access measurement for social groups at the city scale, the research develops a more comprehensive spatial equity assessment framework. It contributes to the existing conceptual and empirical studies in better measuring potential access to services and assessing spatial equity. For policy implications, the research illustrates how to apply the assessment framework to provide recommendations on which services that may need increasing size and/or improving quality at the city scale.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions
AU  - Chengcheng Wu
AU  - Neil Adrian Powe
Y1  - 2021/12/09
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
T2  - Urban and Regional Planning
JF  - Urban and Regional Planning
JO  - Urban and Regional Planning
SP  - 165
EP  - 173
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1697
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
AB  - Equitable access to services of good quality is important for disadvantaged social groups and one way to evaluate it is through spatial equity assessment. The existing studies disproportionately focus on measuring access/assessing equity reflecting the equality and/or need conception(s) and barely integrate the quality of services into the process. Thus, this research explores the necessity for integrating the quality of services into potential access measurement and assessing spatial equity based on both the need and demand conceptions. Using GP practices in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK as a case study, the research demonstrates the inadequacy of neglecting the quality aspect of services when measuring potential access and of neglecting social groups’ demands when assessing spatial equity at the city scale. For instance, the result of the spatial equity assessment for GP practices of good quality in the city is different from the result for all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. The result of the spatial equity assessment of all GP practices in the city based on the demand conception is different from that of all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. Through the illustrations of the conceptual framework for spatial equity assessment and the integration of the size and quality of services into potential access measurement for social groups at the city scale, the research develops a more comprehensive spatial equity assessment framework. It contributes to the existing conceptual and empirical studies in better measuring potential access to services and assessing spatial equity. For policy implications, the research illustrates how to apply the assessment framework to provide recommendations on which services that may need increasing size and/or improving quality at the city scale.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Chengcheng Wu

School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Neil Adrian Powe

School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Chengcheng Wu, Neil Adrian Powe. (2021). Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions. Urban and Regional Planning, 6(4), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Chengcheng Wu; Neil Adrian Powe. Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions. Urban Reg. Plan. 2021, 6(4), 165-173. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Chengcheng Wu, Neil Adrian Powe. Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions. Urban Reg Plan. 2021;6(4):165-173. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18,
  author = {Chengcheng Wu and Neil Adrian Powe},
  title = {Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions},
  journal = {Urban and Regional Planning},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {165-173},
  doi = {10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.urp.20210604.18},
  abstract = {Equitable access to services of good quality is important for disadvantaged social groups and one way to evaluate it is through spatial equity assessment. The existing studies disproportionately focus on measuring access/assessing equity reflecting the equality and/or need conception(s) and barely integrate the quality of services into the process. Thus, this research explores the necessity for integrating the quality of services into potential access measurement and assessing spatial equity based on both the need and demand conceptions. Using GP practices in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK as a case study, the research demonstrates the inadequacy of neglecting the quality aspect of services when measuring potential access and of neglecting social groups’ demands when assessing spatial equity at the city scale. For instance, the result of the spatial equity assessment for GP practices of good quality in the city is different from the result for all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. The result of the spatial equity assessment of all GP practices in the city based on the demand conception is different from that of all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. Through the illustrations of the conceptual framework for spatial equity assessment and the integration of the size and quality of services into potential access measurement for social groups at the city scale, the research develops a more comprehensive spatial equity assessment framework. It contributes to the existing conceptual and empirical studies in better measuring potential access to services and assessing spatial equity. For policy implications, the research illustrates how to apply the assessment framework to provide recommendations on which services that may need increasing size and/or improving quality at the city scale.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Integrating the Quality of Services into Potential Access Measurement and Assessing Spatial Equity Based on Both the Need and Demand Conceptions
AU  - Chengcheng Wu
AU  - Neil Adrian Powe
Y1  - 2021/12/09
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
T2  - Urban and Regional Planning
JF  - Urban and Regional Planning
JO  - Urban and Regional Planning
SP  - 165
EP  - 173
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1697
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20210604.18
AB  - Equitable access to services of good quality is important for disadvantaged social groups and one way to evaluate it is through spatial equity assessment. The existing studies disproportionately focus on measuring access/assessing equity reflecting the equality and/or need conception(s) and barely integrate the quality of services into the process. Thus, this research explores the necessity for integrating the quality of services into potential access measurement and assessing spatial equity based on both the need and demand conceptions. Using GP practices in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK as a case study, the research demonstrates the inadequacy of neglecting the quality aspect of services when measuring potential access and of neglecting social groups’ demands when assessing spatial equity at the city scale. For instance, the result of the spatial equity assessment for GP practices of good quality in the city is different from the result for all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. The result of the spatial equity assessment of all GP practices in the city based on the demand conception is different from that of all GP practices in the city based on the need conception. Through the illustrations of the conceptual framework for spatial equity assessment and the integration of the size and quality of services into potential access measurement for social groups at the city scale, the research develops a more comprehensive spatial equity assessment framework. It contributes to the existing conceptual and empirical studies in better measuring potential access to services and assessing spatial equity. For policy implications, the research illustrates how to apply the assessment framework to provide recommendations on which services that may need increasing size and/or improving quality at the city scale.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download