Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics

Jin Hyok Ri; Yong Bom Hong; Gwang Song Yun; Tok-Hui Ri; Myong Il Kim; Hyen Chol Sim; Su Chol Zhang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics

Jin Hyok Ri, Yong Bom Hong, Gwang Song Yun, Tok-Hui Ri^*

, Myong Il Kim, Hyen Chol Sim, Su Chol Zhang

Published in Science Research (Volume 14, Issue 1)

Received: 29 December 2025 Accepted: 4 February 2026 Published: 25 February 2026

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Abstract

Effective recycling of industrial waste is a very important issue worldwide. Coal gangue is a solid waste generated during coal production and processing, which accounts for 10-20% of coal production, the largest of industrial wastes discharged so far. Geopolymers are three-dimensional amorphous inorganic polymers in the form of Si-O-Al-O-Al, in which silica and alumina precursors with high reaction activity are formed via depolymerization-condensation processes in a highly alkaline environment. In this paper, a geopolymer binder is prepared by combining an alkaline activator prepared from brown coal gangue and blast furnace slag as raw material and from industrial waste silica fume. Also, the properties of these geopolymer binders are examined using them as a briquette binder. At temperatures above 700°C, roasted brown coal gangue is more active than the initial state. The optimum dosage of alkali activator is 10M NaOH, silica fume/NaOH ratio of 3, specific gravity of 1.42, and the addition of binder of 6%. The main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel, while the main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue -blast furnace slag geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel, C-(A)-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel. Blast furnace slag is added during the preparation of briquette binder by brown coal gangue geopolymer, which increase the mechanical strength of the geopolymer binder and the optimum dosage is 30%.

Published in	Science Research (Volume 14, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
Page(s)	14-21
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Geopolymer, Briquette, Binder, Coal Gangue, Aluminosilicate

References

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[2]	J. Fort, et al. (2020) Alkaline activation of low-reactivity ceramics: peculiarities induced by the precursors ’ dual character. Cement Concr. Compos. 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103440
[3]	R. Wang, N. Yu, Y. Li. (2020). Methods for improving the microstructure of recycled concrete aggregate: a review. Construct. Build. Mater. 242, 118164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118164
[4]	G. F. Huseien, J. Mirza. (2020). Effects of ceramic tile powder waste on properties of self-compacted alkali-activated concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 236, 117574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117574
[5]	P. Shoaei, H. R. Musaeei, F. Mirlohi, S. Narimani zamanabadi, F. Ameri, N. Bahrami. (2019). Waste ceramic powder-based geopolymer mortars: effect of curing temperature and alkaline solution-to-binder ratio. Construct. Build. Mater. 227, 116686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116686
[6]	O. Mahmoodi, H. Siad, M. Lachemi, S. Dadsetan, M. Sahmaran. (2021). Development of normal and very high strength geopolymer binders based on concrete waste at ambient environment. J. Clean. Prod. 279, 123436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123436
[7]	G. F. Huseien, A. R. M. Sam, K. W. Shah, J. Mirza. (2020). Effects of ceramic tile powder waste on properties of self-compacted alkali-activated concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 236, 117574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117574
[8]	G. F. Huseien, M. Ismail, M. Tahir, J. Mirza, A. Hussein, N. H. Khalid, N. N. Sarbini. (2018). Performance of sustainable alkali activated mortars containing solid waste ceramic powder. Chem. Eng. Trans. 63, 673-678. https://doi.org/10.3303/ CET1863113
[9]	O. Mahmoodi, H. Siad, M. Lachemi, S. Dadsetan, M. Sahmaran. (2020). Optimization of brick waste-based geopolymer binders at ambient temperature and pre-targeted chemical parameters. J. Clean. Prod. 268, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122285
[10]	K. Komnitsas, D. Zaharaki, A. Vlachou, G. Bartzas, M. Galetakis. (2015). Effect of synthesis parameters on the quality of construction and demolition wastes (CDW) geopolymers. Adv. Powder Technol. 26, 368-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.11.012
[11]	D. Zaharaki, M. Galetakis, K. Komnitsas. (2016). Valorization of construction and demolition (C&D) and industrial wastes through alkali activation, Construct. Build. Mater. 121, 686-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.051
[12]	T. Yang, Z. Zhang, H. Zhu, X. Gao, C. Dai, Q. Wu. (2019). Re-examining the suitability of high magnesium nickel slag as precursors for alkali-activated materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 213, 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.063
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APA Style

Ri, J. H., Hong, Y. B., Yun, G. S., Ri, T., Kim, M. I., et al. (2026). Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics. Science Research, 14(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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ACS Style

Ri, J. H.; Hong, Y. B.; Yun, G. S.; Ri, T.; Kim, M. I., et al. Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics. Sci. Res. 2026, 14(1), 14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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AMA Style

Ri JH, Hong YB, Yun GS, Ri T, Kim MI, et al. Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics. Sci Res. 2026;14(1):14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12,
  author = {Jin Hyok Ri and Yong Bom Hong and Gwang Song Yun and Tok-Hui Ri and Myong Il Kim and Hyen Chol Sim and Su Chol Zhang},
  title = {Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-21},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20261401.12},
  abstract = {Effective recycling of industrial waste is a very important issue worldwide. Coal gangue is a solid waste generated during coal production and processing, which accounts for 10-20% of coal production, the largest of industrial wastes discharged so far. Geopolymers are three-dimensional amorphous inorganic polymers in the form of Si-O-Al-O-Al, in which silica and alumina precursors with high reaction activity are formed via depolymerization-condensation processes in a highly alkaline environment. In this paper, a geopolymer binder is prepared by combining an alkaline activator prepared from brown coal gangue and blast furnace slag as raw material and from industrial waste silica fume. Also, the properties of these geopolymer binders are examined using them as a briquette binder. At temperatures above 700°C, roasted brown coal gangue is more active than the initial state. The optimum dosage of alkali activator is 10M NaOH, silica fume/NaOH ratio of 3, specific gravity of 1.42, and the addition of binder of 6%. The main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel, while the main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue -blast furnace slag geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel, C-(A)-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel. Blast furnace slag is added during the preparation of briquette binder by brown coal gangue geopolymer, which increase the mechanical strength of the geopolymer binder and the optimum dosage is 30%.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics
AU  - Jin Hyok Ri
AU  - Yong Bom Hong
AU  - Gwang Song Yun
AU  - Tok-Hui Ri
AU  - Myong Il Kim
AU  - Hyen Chol Sim
AU  - Su Chol Zhang
Y1  - 2026/02/25
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 14
EP  - 21
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
AB  - Effective recycling of industrial waste is a very important issue worldwide. Coal gangue is a solid waste generated during coal production and processing, which accounts for 10-20% of coal production, the largest of industrial wastes discharged so far. Geopolymers are three-dimensional amorphous inorganic polymers in the form of Si-O-Al-O-Al, in which silica and alumina precursors with high reaction activity are formed via depolymerization-condensation processes in a highly alkaline environment. In this paper, a geopolymer binder is prepared by combining an alkaline activator prepared from brown coal gangue and blast furnace slag as raw material and from industrial waste silica fume. Also, the properties of these geopolymer binders are examined using them as a briquette binder. At temperatures above 700°C, roasted brown coal gangue is more active than the initial state. The optimum dosage of alkali activator is 10M NaOH, silica fume/NaOH ratio of 3, specific gravity of 1.42, and the addition of binder of 6%. The main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel, while the main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue -blast furnace slag geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel, C-(A)-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel. Blast furnace slag is added during the preparation of briquette binder by brown coal gangue geopolymer, which increase the mechanical strength of the geopolymer binder and the optimum dosage is 30%.
VL  - 14
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Jin Hyok Ri

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Yong Bom Hong

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Gwang Song Yun

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Tok-Hui Ri

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-8542-2805
Myong Il Kim

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Hyen Chol Sim

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Su Chol Zhang

Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

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APA Style

Ri, J. H., Hong, Y. B., Yun, G. S., Ri, T., Kim, M. I., et al. (2026). Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics. Science Research, 14(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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ACS Style

Ri, J. H.; Hong, Y. B.; Yun, G. S.; Ri, T.; Kim, M. I., et al. Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics. Sci. Res. 2026, 14(1), 14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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AMA Style

Ri JH, Hong YB, Yun GS, Ri T, Kim MI, et al. Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics. Sci Res. 2026;14(1):14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12,
  author = {Jin Hyok Ri and Yong Bom Hong and Gwang Song Yun and Tok-Hui Ri and Myong Il Kim and Hyen Chol Sim and Su Chol Zhang},
  title = {Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-21},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20261401.12},
  abstract = {Effective recycling of industrial waste is a very important issue worldwide. Coal gangue is a solid waste generated during coal production and processing, which accounts for 10-20% of coal production, the largest of industrial wastes discharged so far. Geopolymers are three-dimensional amorphous inorganic polymers in the form of Si-O-Al-O-Al, in which silica and alumina precursors with high reaction activity are formed via depolymerization-condensation processes in a highly alkaline environment. In this paper, a geopolymer binder is prepared by combining an alkaline activator prepared from brown coal gangue and blast furnace slag as raw material and from industrial waste silica fume. Also, the properties of these geopolymer binders are examined using them as a briquette binder. At temperatures above 700°C, roasted brown coal gangue is more active than the initial state. The optimum dosage of alkali activator is 10M NaOH, silica fume/NaOH ratio of 3, specific gravity of 1.42, and the addition of binder of 6%. The main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel, while the main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue -blast furnace slag geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel, C-(A)-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel. Blast furnace slag is added during the preparation of briquette binder by brown coal gangue geopolymer, which increase the mechanical strength of the geopolymer binder and the optimum dosage is 30%.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Preparation of Briquette by Brown Coal Gangue-blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Binder and Its Characteristics
AU  - Jin Hyok Ri
AU  - Yong Bom Hong
AU  - Gwang Song Yun
AU  - Tok-Hui Ri
AU  - Myong Il Kim
AU  - Hyen Chol Sim
AU  - Su Chol Zhang
Y1  - 2026/02/25
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 14
EP  - 21
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261401.12
AB  - Effective recycling of industrial waste is a very important issue worldwide. Coal gangue is a solid waste generated during coal production and processing, which accounts for 10-20% of coal production, the largest of industrial wastes discharged so far. Geopolymers are three-dimensional amorphous inorganic polymers in the form of Si-O-Al-O-Al, in which silica and alumina precursors with high reaction activity are formed via depolymerization-condensation processes in a highly alkaline environment. In this paper, a geopolymer binder is prepared by combining an alkaline activator prepared from brown coal gangue and blast furnace slag as raw material and from industrial waste silica fume. Also, the properties of these geopolymer binders are examined using them as a briquette binder. At temperatures above 700°C, roasted brown coal gangue is more active than the initial state. The optimum dosage of alkali activator is 10M NaOH, silica fume/NaOH ratio of 3, specific gravity of 1.42, and the addition of binder of 6%. The main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel, while the main polymerization products of the alkali activated brown coal gangue -blast furnace slag geopolymer samples are N-A-S-H gel, C-(A)-S-H gel and amorphous aluminosilicate gel. Blast furnace slag is added during the preparation of briquette binder by brown coal gangue geopolymer, which increase the mechanical strength of the geopolymer binder and the optimum dosage is 30%.
VL  - 14
IS  - 1
ER  -

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