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Natural Dynamics of Multi-Species Flowering Annuals in Tropical Landscape

Received: 18 January 2018     Accepted: 2 May 2018     Published: 28 May 2018
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Abstract

This study investigate the growth performance and the dynamic community of multi-species annual flowers in tropical landscape. The multi-species plant community produce an attractive colour of flowers according to their flowering peak of each species that have been tested. At the first growth cycle, the earliest species to bloom were Gomphrena globosa and Zinnia elegans which took 8 weeks after seed were sown. Meanwhile, Cosmos spp and Tithonia rotundifolia were the late species to bloom which took 14 weeks after seeds were sown. At the second growth cycle, the multi-species annual plants bloom much earlier which is only 3 weeks after pruning. The mean plant height and dry weight of several species on both growth cycles show a significant difference (P<0.05). Cosmos sulphureus and Cosmos caudatus recorded maximum heights on both growth cycles with C. sulphureus recording a maximum dry weight of about 172.5 gm/plant in the first growth cycle. Overall, the established multi-species plant community developed, had a lifespan of 5- 6 months in each growth cycle. The second growth cycle plant community was formed through self-sowing and vegetative part after pruning.

Published in Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12
Page(s) 28-33
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Natural Dynamic, Landscape, Multi-Species, Flowering Annuals

References
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[9] Hanim, A., Nazera, A. and Ab Kahar, S. 2011. Establishing annual multi-species community in urban landscapes: Effect of different inorganic mulch types in relation to seed germination, weed biomass and plant growth. National Horticulture Conference, 18-20 October 2011, Melaka.
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[15] Clarke, P. J., and Davison, E. A. 2004. Emergence and survival of herbaceous seedlings in temperate grassy woodlands: Recruitment limitations and regeneration niche. Austral Ecology 29, 320-331.
[16] Shimono, A., and Washitani, I. 2004. Seedling emergence patterns and dormancy/germination physiology of Primula modesta in a subalpine region. Ecological Research (2004) 19, 541-551.
[17] Zettlemoyer, M. A., Prendeville, H. R. and Galloway, L. F. 2017. The effect of a latitudinal temperature gradient on germination patterns. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 178(9), 673-679.
[18] Hitchmough, J. D., Wagner, M. and Ahmad, H. 2017. Extended flowering and high weed resistance within two layer designed perennial “prairie-meadow” vegetation. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 27, 117–126.
[19] Brenda, B. C. and Robert, B. J. 1997. Plant competition underground. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 28, 545-570.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Hanim Ahmad, Hamdan Mohd Noor, Zulhazmi Sayuti. (2018). Natural Dynamics of Multi-Species Flowering Annuals in Tropical Landscape. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, 3(2), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12

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    ACS Style

    Hanim Ahmad; Hamdan Mohd Noor; Zulhazmi Sayuti. Natural Dynamics of Multi-Species Flowering Annuals in Tropical Landscape. Landsc. Archit. Reg. Plan. 2018, 3(2), 28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12

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    AMA Style

    Hanim Ahmad, Hamdan Mohd Noor, Zulhazmi Sayuti. Natural Dynamics of Multi-Species Flowering Annuals in Tropical Landscape. Landsc Archit Reg Plan. 2018;3(2):28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12,
      author = {Hanim Ahmad and Hamdan Mohd Noor and Zulhazmi Sayuti},
      title = {Natural Dynamics of Multi-Species Flowering Annuals in Tropical Landscape},
      journal = {Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {28-33},
      doi = {10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.larp.20180302.12},
      abstract = {This study investigate the growth performance and the dynamic community of multi-species annual flowers in tropical landscape. The multi-species plant community produce an attractive colour of flowers according to their flowering peak of each species that have been tested. At the first growth cycle, the earliest species to bloom were Gomphrena globosa and Zinnia elegans which took 8 weeks after seed were sown. Meanwhile, Cosmos spp and Tithonia rotundifolia were the late species to bloom which took 14 weeks after seeds were sown. At the second growth cycle, the multi-species annual plants bloom much earlier which is only 3 weeks after pruning. The mean plant height and dry weight of several species on both growth cycles show a significant difference (PCosmos sulphureus and Cosmos caudatus recorded maximum heights on both growth cycles with C. sulphureus recording a maximum dry weight of about 172.5 gm/plant in the first growth cycle. Overall, the established multi-species plant community developed, had a lifespan of 5- 6 months in each growth cycle. The second growth cycle plant community was formed through self-sowing and vegetative part after pruning.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Natural Dynamics of Multi-Species Flowering Annuals in Tropical Landscape
    AU  - Hanim Ahmad
    AU  - Hamdan Mohd Noor
    AU  - Zulhazmi Sayuti
    Y1  - 2018/05/28
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12
    T2  - Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning
    JF  - Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning
    JO  - Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning
    SP  - 28
    EP  - 33
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-4374
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20180302.12
    AB  - This study investigate the growth performance and the dynamic community of multi-species annual flowers in tropical landscape. The multi-species plant community produce an attractive colour of flowers according to their flowering peak of each species that have been tested. At the first growth cycle, the earliest species to bloom were Gomphrena globosa and Zinnia elegans which took 8 weeks after seed were sown. Meanwhile, Cosmos spp and Tithonia rotundifolia were the late species to bloom which took 14 weeks after seeds were sown. At the second growth cycle, the multi-species annual plants bloom much earlier which is only 3 weeks after pruning. The mean plant height and dry weight of several species on both growth cycles show a significant difference (PCosmos sulphureus and Cosmos caudatus recorded maximum heights on both growth cycles with C. sulphureus recording a maximum dry weight of about 172.5 gm/plant in the first growth cycle. Overall, the established multi-species plant community developed, had a lifespan of 5- 6 months in each growth cycle. The second growth cycle plant community was formed through self-sowing and vegetative part after pruning.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Malaysia

  • Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Malaysia

  • Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Malaysia

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