Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria

Halima Mwuese Sule; Patricia Aladi Agaba; Raphael Onu Ojoh; Michael Terkura Agbir; Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria

Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda

Published in Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care (Volume 4, Issue 4)

Received: 19 November 2018 Accepted: 5 December 2018 Published: 14 January 2019

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.

Published in	Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12
Page(s)	26-32
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Prevalence, HIV, Depression, Adult, Nigeria

References

[1]	WHO 2017. Depression. Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/en/ Accessed on May 18, 2018.
[2]	Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013; 10(11): e1001547.
[3]	WHO 2017. Global Health Observatory data. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/ . Accessed on May 18, 2018.
[4]	Calvin J. HIV/AIDS, chronic diseases and globalisation. Global Health. 2011; 7:31
[5]	Benton T. Depression and HIV/AIDS. Curr Psych Rep.2008; 10(3): 280-5.
[6]	WHO 2018. Depression. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression . Accessed November 17, 2018
[7]	Rabkin JG. HIV and Depression: 2008 review and update. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2008; 5(4):163-71.
[8]	Brandt R. The mental health of people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: a systematic review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2009; 8(2):123-33.
[9]	Valente SM. Depression and HIV disease. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2003; 14(2): 41-51.
[10]	Do AN, Rosenberg ES, Sullivan PS, Beer L, Strine TW, Schulden JD, Fagan JL et al. Excess burden of depression among HIV-infected persons receiving medical care in the United States: Data from the medical monitoring project and the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(3): e92842.
[11]	Chikezie UE, Otakpor AN, Kuteyi OB, James BO. Depression among people living with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Benin City, Nigeria: A comparative study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2013; 16(2):238-42.
[12]	Ciesla J. A., Roberts J. E. Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between HIV Infection and Risk for Depressive Disorders. Am J Psychiatr. 2001; 158(5): 725–30.
[13]	Mohammed M, Mengistie B, Dessie Y, Godana W. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV patients seeking treatments in ART Clinics at Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. J AIDS Clin Res. 2015; 6:474.
[14]	Hussain S, Devi N, Gupta AK, Azharuddin M. Prevalence and correlates of depression among HIV-positive patients in Bihar, India: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect. 2017; 93(2): A167.
[15]	Yun LWH, Maravi M, Kobayashi JS, Barton PL, Davidson AJ. Antidepressant treatment improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy among depressed HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 38(4):432–38.
[16]	WHO. 2017. Let’s talk: Depression among people with HIV. Available at http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news/hiv-depdepession/en/ . Accessed May 19, 2018.
[17]	Bhatia MS, Munjal S. Prevalence of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART and factors associated with it. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014; 8(10): WC01-WC04.
[18]	Bongongo T, Tumbo J, Govender I. Depressive features among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Rustenburg district, SA. S Afr J Psych. 2013; 19(2): 31-4.
[19]	Bernard C, Dabis F, Rekeneire N. Prevalence and factors associated with depression in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(8): e0181960.
[20]	Onyebuchi-Iwudibia O, Brown Amy. HIV and depression in Eastern Nigeria: The role of HIV-related stigma. AIDS Care. 2014; 26(5): 653-7.
[21]	Aguocha CM, Uwakwe RU, Duru CB, Diwe KC, Aguocha JK, Enwere OO, and Olose EO. Prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of depression among patients attending HIV/AIDS Clinic in a teaching hospital in Imo State, Nigeria. Am J Med Sci Medic. 2015; 3(6): 106-12.
[22]	Adewuya AO, Afolabi MO, Ola BA, Ogundele OA, Ajibare OA, Oladipo BF. Psychiatric disorders among the HIV-positive population in Nigeria: a control study. J Psychosom Res. 2007; 63(2):203-6.
[23]	Olisah VO, Baiyewu O, Sheikh TL. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in depressed patients with HIV/AIDS attending a Nigerian university teaching hospital clinic. Afr J Psychiatr.2010; 13(4): 275-9.
[24]	Gibbie T, Mijch A, Ellen S, Hoy J, Hutchison C, Wright E et al. Depression and neuro-cognitive performance in individuals with HIV/AIDS: 2-year follow-up. HIV Medicine.2006; 7(2): 112-21.
[25]	Nanni MG, Caruso R, Mitchell AJ, Meggiolaro E, Grassi L. Depression in HIV infected patients: a review. Curr Psychiat Rep. 2015; 17(1): 530.
[26]	Hartzell JD, Janke IE, Weintrob AC. Impact of depression on HIV outcomes in the HAART era. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 62(2):246-55.
[27]	Cameron IM, Crawford JR. Lawton K, Reid IC. Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2008; 58(546):32-6.
[28]	Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, WilliamJB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001; 16(9):606-13.
[29]	Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Afolabi OO. Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. J Affect Dis. 2006; 96:89-93.
[30]	New York State Department of Health. Administering the Patient Health Questionnaires 2 and 9(PHQ 2 and 9) in integrated care settings. 2016. Available at: https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/redesign/dsrip/docs/2016-07-01_phq_2_and_9_clean.pdf . Accessed May 28, 2018.
[31]	Jekel JF, Katz DL, Elmore JG. Sample size, randomisation and probability theory. In; Epidemiology, biostatistics and preventive medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, USA: W. B Saunders; 2001:194-9.
[32]	Obadeji A, Ogunlesi AO, Adebowale TO. Prevalence and predictors of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS attending an outpatient clinic in Nigeria. Iran Psychiatr Behav Sci. 2014; 8(1):26-31.
[33]	Adeyuwa AO. Afolabi MO, Ola BA, Ogundele OA, Ajibare AO, OLadipo BF, Fakande I. Relationship between depression and quality of life in persons with HIV infection in Nigeria. Int J Psych Med. 2008; 38(1):43-51.
[34]	Adeoti AO, Dada MU, Fadare JO. Prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in people living with HIV/AIDS in a tertiary hospital in southwestern Nigeria. Med Rep Case Stud. 2018; 3(1):150.
[35]	Shittu RO, Issa BA, Olanrewaju GT, Mahmoud AO, Odeigah LO, Salami AK, Aderibigbe SA Prevalence and Correlates of depressive disorders among people living with HIV/AIDS, in north central Nigeria. J AIDS Clin Res. 2013; 4:11.1000251.
[36]	Lawler K, Mosepele M, Seloilwe E, Ratcliffe S, Steele K, Nthobatsang R et al. Depression among HIV-positive individuals in Botswana: A behavioral surveillance. AIDS Behav. 2011; 15(1):204-8.
[37]	Freeman, M., Nkomo, N., Kafaar, Z., & Kelly, K. Mental disorder in people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. S Afr J Psych. 2008; 38(3):489–500.
[38]	Kinyanda E, Hoskins S, Nakku J, Nawaz S, Patel V. Prevalence and risk factors of major depressive disorder in HIV/AIDS as seen in semi-urban Entebbe district, Uganda. BMC Psychiat. 2011; 11:205.
[39]	Ramjee G and Daniels B. Women and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Res Ther. 2013; 10(1):30.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. (2019). Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 4(4), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Halima Mwuese Sule; Patricia Aladi Agaba; Raphael Onu Ojoh; Michael Terkura Agbir; Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J. Fam. Med. Health Care 2019, 4(4), 26-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J Fam Med Health Care. 2019;4(4):26-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12,
  author = {Halima Mwuese Sule and Patricia Aladi Agaba and Raphael Onu Ojoh and Michael Terkura Agbir and Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda},
  title = {Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {26-32},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
  abstract = {Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria
AU - Halima Mwuese Sule
AU - Patricia Aladi Agaba
AU - Raphael Onu Ojoh
AU - Michael Terkura Agbir
AU - Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda
Y1 - 2019/01/14
PY - 2019
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12
DO - 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12
T2 - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
JF - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
JO - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
SP - 26
EP - 32
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2469-8342
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12
AB - Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.
VL - 4
IS - 4
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Halima Mwuese Sule

Department of Family Medicine, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Patricia Aladi Agaba

Department of Family Medicine, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Raphael Onu Ojoh

Department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Michael Terkura Agbir

Department of Psychiatry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda

Department of Psychiatry, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. (2019). Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 4(4), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Halima Mwuese Sule; Patricia Aladi Agaba; Raphael Onu Ojoh; Michael Terkura Agbir; Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J. Fam. Med. Health Care 2019, 4(4), 26-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J Fam Med Health Care. 2019;4(4):26-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12,
  author = {Halima Mwuese Sule and Patricia Aladi Agaba and Raphael Onu Ojoh and Michael Terkura Agbir and Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda},
  title = {Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {26-32},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
  abstract = {Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download